Secondary dystonia and pseudodystonia

Secondary Dystonia

C12c344 (Video 12.344): Secondary Dystonia Due to Mitochondrial Disease

Blepharospasm, eyelid-opening apraxia, jaw-opening dystonia, risor sardonicus, and upper-limb dystonia associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

C12c345 (Video 12.345): Severe Generalized Secondary Dystonia

Generalized dystonia with intermittent dystonic spasms, spasticity, and bilateral pallidal and nigral lesions on MRI.

C12c346 (Video 12.346): Leigh Syndrome with Dystonia

Upper-limb dystonia and spastic gait associated with bilateral putaminal injury.

C12c347 (Video 12.347): Mitochondrial Encephalopathy with Hemidystonia

Blepharospasm, postural limb dystonia, and dystonic gait associated with bilateral striatal injury.

C12c348 (Video 12.348): Glutaric Aciduria Type I

Severe generalized dystonia with macrocephaly, torticollis, jaw-opening dystonia, and painful dystonic spasms.

C12c349 (Video 12.349): L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria

Writer's cramp and upper-limb dystonia associated with metabolic disease.

C12c350 (Video 12.350): Rasmussen Encephalitis with Hemidystonia

Persistent right-sided dystonia affecting arm posture and gait.

C12c351 (Video 12.351): Rasmussen Encephalitis with EPC and Hemidystonia

Progressive left hemidystonia associated with epilepsia partialis continua.

C12c352 (Video 12.352): Advanced Rasmussen Encephalitis

Severe fixed hemidystonia involving the arm and foot.

C12c353 (Video 12.353): Post-Thalamic Stroke Dystonia

The "dystonic-jerky hand" syndrome characterized by complex dystonic and cerebellar movements.

C12c354 (Video 12.354): Post-Thalamic Stroke Dystonia with Cerebellar Tremor

Mild dystonic hand posturing accompanied by cerebellar outflow tremor.

C12c355 (Video 12.355): Delayed-Onset Post-Stroke Dystonia

Painful thalamic syndrome accompanied by fixed upper-limb dystonia and mild cerebellar tremor.

C12c356 (Video 12.356): Pulvinar Stroke Presenting as Writer's Cramp

Apparent focal dystonia later recognized as secondary dystonia due to pulvinar infarction.

C12c357 (Video 12.357): Post-Traumatic Epilepsy with Foot Dystonia

Task-specific foot dystonia dramatically improved after temporal lobectomy.

C12c358 (Video 12.358): Delayed-Onset Childhood Stroke Hemidystonia

Fixed left hand dystonia developing years after childhood cerebrovascular injury.

C12c359 (Video 12.359): Childhood Stroke with Generalized Hemidystonia

Severe right hemidystonia involving both upper and lower extremities.

C12c360 (Video 12.360): Post-Stroke Cervical Dystonia

Cervical dystonia with adductor spasmodic dysphonia and upper-limb involvement.

C12c361 (Video 12.361): Dystonic Cerebral Palsy

Combined generalized dystonia and spasticity due to perinatal hypoxic injury.

Pseudodystonia

C12c362 (Video 12.362): Juvenile Cervical Inflammatory Arthropathy

Painful restriction of neck movement due to inflammatory C1-C2 disease mimicking cervical dystonia.

C12c363 (Video 12.363): Pseudotorticollis Due to Sternocleidomastoid Lymphoma

Neoplastic invasion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle producing apparent torticollis.

C12c364 (Video 12.364): Myasthenia Gravis Mimicking Cervical Dystonia

Head turning resulting from focal neck weakness rather than dystonic activation.

C12c365 (Video 12.365): Radiation-Induced Neck Fibrosis

Fixed neck posturing caused by radiation myopathy.

C12c366 (Video 12.366): Congenital Muscular Torticollis

Lifelong abnormal neck posture due to fibrotic sternocleidomastoid shortening.

C12c367 (Video 12.367): Congenital Torticollis Mimicking Dystonia

Persistent head tilt caused by structural neck abnormality rather than dystonia.

C12c368 (Video 12.368): Dropped Head Syndrome Misdiagnosed as Dystonia

Severe neck extensor weakness producing anterocollis-like posture.

C12c369 (Video 12.369): Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation in a Child

Acute "cock-robin" posture resulting from C1-C2 subluxation.

C12c370 (Video 12.370): Chronic Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation

Persistent torticollis caused by structural cervical instability.

C12c371 (Video 12.371): Fixed Head Tilt Pseudodystonia

Mechanical cervical deformity without evidence of dystonic muscle activation.

C12c372 (Video 12.372): Head Drop Due to Neck Extensor Myopathy

Marked neck extensor weakness producing severe dropped-head posture.

C12c373 (Video 12.373): Neck Extensor Myopathy

Progressive head drop resulting from isolated extensor muscle weakness.

Foot and Truncal Dystonia

Foot Dystonia

C12c314 (Video 12.314): Isolated Foot Dystonia

Walking-induced ankle flexion producing a “sticky foot” gait, absent during backward walking.

C12c315 (Video 12.315): Inversion Foot Dystonia

Walking-induced inversion and plantarflexion improving with running and imagined backward walking.

C12c316 (Video 12.316): Right Foot Inversion Dystonia

Marked inversion appearing only during walking and relieved by running.

C12c317 (Video 12.317): Foot Abduction Dystonia

Walking-triggered abduction of the foot with partial improvement during backward gait.

C12c318 (Video 12.318): Ankle Flexion Dystonia

Activation during stance phase causing apparent sticking of the foot to the floor.

C12c319 (Video 12.319): Subtle Distal Leg Dystonia

Mild stance-phase ankle flexion relieved by jogging and backward walking.

C12c320 (Video 12.320): Adduction-Inversion Foot Dystonia

Task-specific gait dystonia improved by imagined and actual backward walking.

C12c321 (Video 12.321): Stair-Descent Dystonia

Triple-flexion dystonia occurring only while descending stairs.

C12c322 (Video 12.322): Exercise-Induced Dystonia

Treadmill walking triggers external rotation and foot flexion.

C12c323 (Video 12.323): Severe Walking-Induced Foot Dystonia

Internal rotation, inversion, and toe flexion that disappear during running.

C12c324 (Video 12.324): Heel Adduction Dystonia

Heel adduction and toe abduction occurring with each step.

C12c325 (Video 12.325): Left Leg Task-Specific Dystonia

Marked ankle flexion relieved by backward and sideways walking.

C12c326 (Video 12.326): Painful Inversion Dystonia

Severe inversion and plantarflexion eliminated during backward gait.

C12c327 (Video 12.327): Complex Proximal Leg Dystonia

Hip abduction and knee flexion dystonia improved after botulinum toxin treatment.

C12c328 (Video 12.328): Severe Multi-Joint Leg Dystonia

Hip, knee, and ankle dystonia producing profound gait impairment.

C12c329 (Video 12.329): Proximal Lower Limb Dystonia

Hip and knee extension dystonia interfering with ambulation.

C12c330 (Video 12.330): Mild Foot Dystonia

Subtle inversion and ankle flexion during walking.

C12c331 (Video 12.331): Foot Dystonia Before and After Treatment

Marked improvement following ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections.

Truncal Dystonia

C12c332 (Video 12.332): Paradoxical Truncal Dystonia

Opisthotonic posturing present at rest and disappearing during walking.

C12c333 (Video 12.333): Camptocormia with Sensory Trick

Forward truncal flexion relieved by wall contact and abolished during running.

C12c334 (Video 12.334): Pisa Syndrome-Type Truncal Dystonia

Lateral trunk flexion improved by sensory gestures and backward walking.

C12c335 (Video 12.335): Isolated Truncal Tilt Dystonia

Walking-induced leftward torso deviation.

C12c336 (Video 12.336): Severe Flexion Truncal Dystonia

Marked camptocormia relieved by backward walking and jogging.

C12c337 (Video 12.337): Advanced Camptocormia

Severe truncal flexion persisting during rest and gait.

C12c338 (Video 12.338): Walking-Induced Truncal Flexion

Forward flexion improving with running and sideways walking.

C12c339 (Video 12.339): Truncal Dystonia with Back-Pocket Geste

Flexion dystonia alleviated by hooking the hands behind the back.

C12c340 (Video 12.340): Abdominal Dystonia

Forward truncal flexion improved by direct manual pressure.

C12c341 (Video 12.341): Running-Responsive Camptocormia

Flexion dystonia disappearing during running.

C12c342 (Video 12.342): Dynamic Truncal Dystonia

Complex standing dystonia abolished by walking, running, or marching in place.

C12c343 (Video 12.343): Focal Abdominal Wall Dystonia

Exercise-induced focal contraction of the abdominal wall producing visible bulging.

Plectrum, Woodwind Hand, Drummers' Dystonia

Plectrum Dystonia

C12c279 (Video 12.279): Banjo Dystonia with Writer's Cramp

Task-specific flexion dystonia of the thumb and index finger during banjo playing associated with writer's cramp and mirror dystonia.

C12c280 (Video 12.280): Banjo Picking Dystonia

Index-finger flexion dystonia disrupting rapid picking patterns, improved by abandoning use of the affected finger.

C12c281 (Video 12.281): Banjo Index Finger Dystonia

Task-specific index finger flexion causing rhythmic irregularity during performance.

C12c282 (Video 12.282): Third-Finger Banjo Dystonia

Dystonia affecting the third finger during rapid banjo passages, partially compensated by altered fingering strategies.

C12c283 (Video 12.283): Hybrid String Instrument Dystonia

Thumb extension and index finger flexion dystonia impairing performance on a custom string instrument.

C12c284 (Video 12.284): Jazz Guitar Dystonia Before and After Botulinum Toxin

Thumb extension and index finger flexion dystonia markedly improved following targeted treatment.

C12c285 (Video 12.285): Classical Guitar Tremolo Dystonia

Index extension and middle finger flexion disrupting tremolo technique, partially relieved by tactile stimulation.

C12c286 (Video 12.286): Third-Finger Classical Guitar Dystonia

Task-specific third-finger flexion impairing ascending scales.

C12c287 (Video 12.287): Guitar Dystonia with Ulnar Finger Involvement

Flexion dystonia of the fourth and fifth fingers during performance.

C12c288 (Video 12.288): Guitar Dystonia with Sensory Trick Pick

Finger flexion dystonia dramatically reduced by a modified thumb pick acting as a sensory trick.

C12c289 (Video 12.289): Koto Player's Dystonia

Finger and wrist flexion dystonia affecting traditional Japanese string instrument performance.

C12c290 (Video 12.290): Jazz Guitarist with Glove Effect

Complex middle-finger dystonia substantially improved by wearing a glove.

C12c291 (Video 12.291): Left-Hand Guitar Dystonia

Pinky flexion dystonia impairing fretboard control, improved after botulinum toxin treatment.

Woodwind Hand Dystonia

C12c292 (Video 12.292): Saxophonist's Third-Finger Extension Dystonia

Third-finger extension dystonia impairing scales and technical passages.

C12c293 (Video 12.293): Left-Hand Saxophone Dystonia

Task-specific flexion dystonia improved by mechanically opposing lumbrical activity.

C12c294 (Video 12.294): Flute and Saxophone Dystonia

Different dystonic patterns on flute and saxophone involving third and fourth fingers.

C12c295 (Video 12.295): Clarinet Fourth-Finger Dystonia

Subtle fourth-finger extension and release abnormalities producing professional disability.

C12c296 (Video 12.296): Flute MCP Extension Dystonia

Third- and fourth-finger extension at the metacarpophalangeal joints disrupting fingering.

C12c297 (Video 12.297): Fourth-Finger Flute Dystonia

Extension at the MCP joint with PIP flexion affecting key control.

C12c298 (Video 12.298): Flute Pinky Dystonia with Abduction

Abnormal extension and abduction of the fifth finger causing loss of key contact.

C12c299 (Video 12.299): Flute Pinky Flexion Dystonia

Fifth-finger flexion pulling the digit away from the key.

C12c300 (Video 12.300): Flutist with Instrument Modification

Mechanical changes to the flute compensate for persistent fourth-finger dystonia.

C12c301 (Video 12.301): Bilateral Flute Dystonia

Complex dystonic finger movements affecting both hands during performance.

C12c302 (Video 12.302): Bagpipe Dystonia

Fourth- and fifth-finger flexion dystonia impairing chanter control.

C12c303 (Video 12.303): Trumpeter with Hand Dystonia

Severe left-hand finger flexion dystonia triggered while operating trumpet valves.

C12c304 (Video 12.304): Clarinetist with Exquisitely Subtle Dystonia

Failure of the index finger to fully seal an open tone hole during rapid orchestral passages.

Drummers' Dystonia

C12c305 (Video 12.305): Tabla Player's Index Finger Dystonia

Task-specific flexion dystonia of the index finger dramatically improved by botulinum toxin.

C12c306 (Video 12.306): African Drum Dystonia with Spread to Rest

Fourth- and fifth-finger flexion dystonia present at rest but disappearing during drum strike.

C12c307 (Video 12.307): Percussionist's Hand Dystonia

Pinky extension, finger flexion, and wrist deviation affecting mallet control.

C12c308 (Video 12.308): Drumstick-Induced Wrist Dystonia

Wrist flexion, radial deviation, and finger flexion triggered during drumming.

C12c309 (Video 12.309): Timpanist's Wrist Extension Dystonia

Task-specific clonic wrist extension occurring with stick strikes.

C12c310 (Video 12.310): Position-Specific Drum Dystonia

Wrist dystonia activated only in a specific drumming posture.

C12c311 (Video 12.311): Drummer's FCU-Predominant Dystonia

Flexion and ulnar deviation improved following ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections.

C12c312 (Video 12.312): Severe Rock Drummer's Dystonia

Progressive widespread task-specific dystonia evolving to occur even at rest.

C12c313 (Video 12.313): Bass Drum Pedal Dystonia

Task-specific foot dystonia causing impaired rhythm and pedal control.

Pianists and Violinists Dystonia - Phenomenology Atlas

Pianists' Dystonia

C12c240 (Video 12.240): Pianist's Index Finger Flexion Dystonia

Task-specific index finger flexion during piano playing and writing, improved with botulinum toxin.

C12c241 (Video 12.241): Pianist's Index Finger Extension Dystonia

Left index finger extension disrupting scales, improved by a thumb sensory trick.

C12c242 (Video 12.242): Severe Index Finger Flexion Dystonia

Marked dystonic flexion during performance substantially improved after targeted injections.

C12c243 (Video 12.243): Concert Pianist's Index Finger Dystonia

Ascending scales trigger index finger flexion improved following botulinum toxin treatment.

C12c244 (Video 12.244): Mixed Index-Middle Finger Dystonia

Index finger extension and middle finger flexion disrupting scalar passages.

C12c245 (Video 12.245): Third-Finger Flexion Dystonia

Persistent third-finger flexion relieved by a positive sensory trick.

C12c246 (Video 12.246): Index Finger MCP Flexion Dystonia

Mechanical opposition identifies the primary dystonic movement pattern.

C12c247 (Video 12.247): Thumb and Index Finger Dystonia

Orthotic splints improve fluidity and reduce dystonic activation.

C12c248 (Video 12.248): Isolated Index Finger Dystonia

Selective dystonia of the right index finger during piano performance.

C12c249 (Video 12.249): Index Finger Extension Dystonia

Extension dystonia affecting passage work while octaves remain preserved.

C12c250 (Video 12.250): Multi-Finger Pianist's Dystonia

Complex finger flexion and extension abnormalities affecting scales.

C12c251 (Video 12.251): Index Finger Flexion with Compensatory Extension

Mechanical testing identifies primary flexion dystonia.

C12c252 (Video 12.252): Mirror Dystonia in Pianist

Mirror movements identify primary dystonic extension of the second and third digits.

C12c253 (Video 12.253): Accordion Dystonia

Middle-finger extension during rapid passages improved by finger splinting.

C12c254 (Video 12.254): Keyboard Contact-Induced Dystonia

Flexion dystonia triggered specifically by keyboard contact.

C12c255 (Video 12.255): Severe Left-Hand Dystonia

Flexion of multiple fingers with compensatory wrist rotation.

C12c256 (Video 12.256): Advanced Concert Pianist's Dystonia

Severe right-hand dystonia forcing transition to left-hand repertoire.

C12c257 (Video 12.257): Fourth and Fifth Finger Dystonia

Scale passages trigger finger flexion while arpeggios remain relatively preserved.

C12c258 (Video 12.258): Thumb and Index Finger Velocity-Dependent Dystonia

Subtle dystonia apparent only during rapid ascending scales.

C12c259 (Video 12.259): Complex Five-Finger Dystonia

Index finger acts as a principal trigger for multi-digit dystonia.

C12c260 (Video 12.260): Complex Concert Pianist's Dystonia

Multiple primary dystonic movements identified through biomechanical testing.

C12c261 (Video 12.261): Bilateral Pianist's Dystonia

Bilateral finger dystonia with mirror movements during writing.

C12c262 (Video 12.262): Complex Right-Hand Dystonia

Dystonic flexion of multiple fingers with postural activation.

C12c263 (Video 12.263): Fourth and Fifth Finger Predominant Dystonia

Flexion dystonia impairing hand balance during performance.

C12c264 (Video 12.264): Severe Left-Hand Flexion Dystonia

Keyboard contact provokes marked finger flexion.

C12c265 (Video 12.265): Wrist Extension Pianist's Dystonia

Severe wrist extension improved substantially after botulinum toxin treatment.

Violinists' Dystonia

C12c266 (Video 12.266): Bow Arm Dystonia

Loss of control during bow changes, especially transitioning into up-bows.

C12c267 (Video 12.267): Severe Bow-Hand Dystonia

Wrist and index finger dystonia relieved by sensory stabilization of the bow hand.

C12c268 (Video 12.268): Cellist's Bowing Dystonia

Task-specific wrist and hand tightening impairing bow reversals.

C12c269 (Video 12.269): Violin Bow Arm Adduction Dystonia

Upper-arm dystonia occurring during up-bow initiation.

C12c270 (Video 12.270): Fast-Bowing Dystonia

Task-specific tightening triggered only at concert tempo.

C12c271 (Video 12.271): Velocity-Dependent Bow Arm Dystonia

Upper-arm co-contraction impairing rapid bow strokes.

C12c272 (Video 12.272): Severe Bow Arm Task-Specific Dystonia

Professionally disabling bow-arm dystonia improved by targeted botulinum toxin treatment.

C12c273 (Video 12.273): Left-Hand Fingering Dystonia

Second-finger dystonia affecting scale performance.

C12c274 (Video 12.274): Third-Finger Violin Dystonia

Flexion and abduction of the third finger in higher positions.

C12c275 (Video 12.275): Multi-Finger Flexion Dystonia

Slow playing provokes dystonia more than fast playing.

C12c276 (Video 12.276): Pattern-Specific Violin Dystonia

Dystonia triggered only by specific fingering combinations.

C12c277 (Video 12.277): Fourth-Finger Adduction Dystonia

Biomechanical testing identifies adduction as the primary dystonic movement.

C12c278 (Video 12.278): Vibrato Dystonia

Impaired vibrato control causing professional disability despite otherwise preserved playing.

Writer's Cramp, Other Arm, and Sports Dystonias - Phenomenology Atlas

Writer's Cramp - Phenomenology Atlas

C12c204 (Video 12.204): Writer's Cramp with Abnormal Pen Grip

Thumb, index, and middle finger dystonia triggered specifically during writing.

C12c205 (Video 12.205): Writer's Cramp with Alternative Grip Strategy

Thumb-base dystonia improved by holding the pen between different fingers.

C12c206 (Video 12.206): Writer's Cramp with Proximal Arm Involvement

Writing induces dystonia extending into the forearm and shoulder.

C12c207 (Video 12.207): Writer's Cramp with Finger Extension

Writing triggers dystonic extension of digits three through five.

C12c208 (Video 12.208): Wrist Extension Writer's Cramp

Writing activates wrist extension with thumb and index finger flexion.

C12c209 (Video 12.209): Proximal Writer's Cramp

Internal shoulder rotation and proximal arm dystonia interfere with writing.

C12c210 (Video 12.210): Task-Specific Writer's Cramp

Clear loss of writing fluency attributable to dystonic activation.

C12c211 (Video 12.211): Thumb-Index Writer's Cramp

Task-specific flexion dystonia affecting thumb and index finger.

C12c212 (Video 12.212): Multi-Finger Writer's Cramp

Flexion dystonia involving thumb, index, and middle fingers.

C12c213 (Video 12.213): Writer's Cramp with Typing Dystonia

Writing and keyboard use trigger prominent finger flexion.

C12c214 (Video 12.214): Writer's Cramp Involving Thumb and Index Finger

Classic task-specific hand dystonia extending to typing tasks.

C12c215 (Video 12.215): Writer's Cramp with Mirror Dystonia

Writing-induced dystonia accompanied by dystonic movements in the opposite hand.

C12c216 (Video 12.216): Grip-Responsive Writer's Cramp

Alternative pen positioning partially relieves dystonic posturing.

C12c217 (Video 12.217): Extensor Writer's Cramp

Thumb extension dystonia disrupts pen control during writing.

C12c218 (Video 12.218): Writer's Cramp with Adaptive Techniques

Use of multiple compensatory pen grips to improve handwriting.

C12c219 (Video 12.219): Flexor Writer's Cramp

Thumb, index finger, and wrist flexion relieved by changing pen position.

C12c220 (Video 12.220): Mirror Dystonia Demonstration

Writing with the unaffected hand triggers dystonic movements of the affected limb.

C12c221 (Video 12.221): Writer's Cramp with Contralateral Overflow

Mirror flexion dystonia elicited by writing with the opposite hand.

C12c222 (Video 12.222): Writer's Cramp Clarified by Mirror Dystonia

Mirror overflow identifies the primary dystonic movement pattern.

C12c223 (Video 12.223): Severe Writer's Cramp with Glove Sensory Trick

Marked writing dystonia improved by wearing a glove.

C12c224 (Video 12.224): Mixed Flexion-Extension Writer's Cramp

Complex finger dystonia partially responsive to sensory tricks.

C12c225 (Video 12.225): Severe Writer's Cramp with Mirror Overflow

Pronounced mirror dystonia accompanying task-specific writing impairment.

C12c226 (Video 12.226): Severe Writer's Cramp with Temporary Improvement

Brief improvement after strenuous hand exercise.

C12c227 (Video 12.227): Writer's Cramp with Counter-Pressure Maneuver

Mechanical opposition of dystonic movement modestly improves handwriting.

C12c228 (Video 12.228): Writer's Cramp Before and After Botulinum Toxin

Ultrasound-guided treatment significantly improves writing and mirror dystonia.

C12c229 (Video 12.229): Complex Writer's Cramp Responding to Botulinum Toxin

Enhanced writing speed, fluidity, and reduction of dystonic posturing after treatment.

C12c230 (Video 12.230): Extension-Type Writer's Cramp

Improved writing performance following targeted botulinum toxin injections.

Other Arm and Sports Dystonias

C12c231 (Video 12.231): Texting and Typing Dystonia

Task-specific flexion of the index finger during texting and typing, improved by removing the index finger from the motor task ("fingerectomy maneuver").

C12c232 (Video 12.232): Archery Dystonia

Task-specific scapular dystonia impairing stabilization of the bow during archery.

C12c233 (Video 12.233): Table Tennis Dystonia

Complex dystonia involving elbow adduction, flexion, and forearm supination disrupting paddle control.

C12c234 (Video 12.234): Baseball Throwing Dystonia

Task-specific throwing dystonia causing loss of control during baseball throws from shortstop to first base.

C12c235 (Video 12.235): Finger Dystonia with Typing Impairment

Index finger extension dystonia improved after targeted lumbrical botulinum toxin injections.

C12c236 (Video 12.236): Upper Limb Dystonia with Mirror Overflow

Right hand dystonia affecting writing and typing, associated with mirror movements.

C12c237 (Video 12.237): Tennis Dystonia

Task-specific dystonia triggered while gripping and using a tennis racquet.

C12c238 (Video 12.238): Rest and Postural Hand Dystonia

Dystonic finger and wrist flexion most apparent during supination.

C12c239 (Video 12.239): Proximal Shoulder Girdle Dystonia

Complex dystonic movements involving the scapula and shoulder at rest.

Cervical Dystonia - Phenomenology Atlas

Cervical Dystonia - Phenomenology Atlas

C12c165 (Video 12.165): Cervical Dystonia, Predominantly Torticollis

Right torticollis activated by speaking, improved by touching the chin and demonstrating the "closing-the-loop" sensory trick phenomenon.

C12c166 (Video 12.166): Left Rotational Cervical Dystonia

Jerky left torticollis relieved by speech and by touching the forehead or cheek.

C12c167 (Video 12.167): Cervical Dystonia with State Function Behavior

Rightward torticollis improved by chin sensory geste and partially normalized while running.

C12c168 (Video 12.168): Severe Rotational Torticollis

Marked rightward torticollis improved by sensory tricks and significantly ameliorated during running.

C12c169 (Video 12.169): Torticollis with Laterocollis

Rightward torticollis and leftward tilt relieved by leaning the head against a wall or touching the chin.

C12c170 (Video 12.170): Cervical Dystonia with Sternocleidomastoid Hypertrophy

Left torticollis and right tilt accompanied by prominent hypertrophy of the right sternocleidomastoid muscle.

C12c171 (Video 12.171): Cervical Dystonia with Imagined Geste

Left turn and right tilt improved by both actual and imagined sensory tricks.

C12c172 (Video 12.172): Cervical Dystonia with Dystonic Tremor

Jerky head tremor with left torticollis and right tilt relieved by touching the posterior neck.

C12c173 (Video 12.173): Mixed Torticollis and Laterocollis

Leftward turn and right tilt improved by facial sensory tricks and support against a wall.

C12c174 (Video 12.174): Cervical Dystonia with Mild Dystonic Tremor

Combined torticollis, laterocollis, and head tremor responding to sensory gestes.

C12c175 (Video 12.175): Task-Activated Cervical Dystonia

Right torticollis and left tilt markedly worsened by texting and writing.

C12c176 (Video 12.176): Cervical Dystonia with Ponytail Geste

Left turn and right tilt relieved by touching the face or pulling a ponytail.

C12c177 (Video 12.177): Cervical Dystonia with Nasal Sensory Trick

Leftward turn and right tilt partially improved by pinching the nose.

C12c178 (Video 12.178): Fixed Cervical Dystonia

Right torticollis and left tilt with restricted range of motion and diminished response to prior sensory tricks.

C12c179 (Video 12.179): Cervical Dystonia with Marked Muscle Hypertrophy

Left torticollis and tilt associated with striking sternocleidomastoid enlargement.

C12c180 (Video 12.180): Severe Cervical Dystonia

Forceful leftward turn, right tilt, and shoulder elevation with marked improvement after botulinum toxin treatment.

C12c181 (Video 12.181): Evolving Cervical Dystonia Pattern

Initially left-sided torticollis evolving over time into right torticollis with dystonic tremor.

C12c182 (Video 12.182): Cervical Dystonia with Lateral Shift

Leftward torticollis associated with lateral head shift and mild retrocollis.

C12c183 (Video 12.183): Shift-Predominant Cervical Dystonia

Marked torticollis and lateral shift dramatically relieved by sensory tricks and running.

C12c184 (Video 12.184): Predominant Anterocollis

Forward neck flexion producing significant disability during standing and walking.

C12c185 (Video 12.185): Anterocollis with Sensory Gestes

Forward neck flexion improved by touching the forehead or chin.

C12c186 (Video 12.186): Progressive Anterocollis

Anterocollis associated with rotational and tilt components activated during gait.

C12c187 (Video 12.187): Complex Anterocollis

Anterocollis with torticollis and laterocollis demonstrating sensory tricks and improvement while running.

C12c188 (Video 12.188): Severe Retrocollis

Marked neck extension relieved by manually supporting the forehead.

C12c189 (Video 12.189): Walking-Induced Retrocollis

Jerky retrocollic movements becoming most apparent during ambulation.

C12c190 (Video 12.190): Retrocollis with Sensory Tricks

Retrocollis improved by chin touch, wall contact, and closing-the-loop maneuver.

C12c191 (Video 12.191): Mild Retrocollis with Torticollis

Retrocollis accompanied by leftward turn and left shoulder elevation.

C12c192 (Video 12.192): Retrocollis Activated by Writing

Retrocollis and torticollis worsened by writing and improved during walking.

C12c193 (Video 12.193): Retrocollis with Imagined Sensory Trick

Significant improvement using both real and imagined gestes.

C12c194 (Video 12.194): Retrocollis Controlled by External Supports

Retrocollis relieved by facial sensory tricks and a customized “sensory trick hat.”

C12c195 (Video 12.195): Shift-and-Turn Cervical Dystonia

Rightward torticollis associated with anterior head shift.

C12c196 (Video 12.196): Cervical Dystonia with Dystonic Tremor and Shift

Right torticollis and anterior shift normalized during running.

C12c197 (Video 12.197): Severe Shift Dystonia

Marked left torticollis and lateral shift improved by a mechanical support device.

C12c198 (Video 12.198): Anterior Head Shift Syndrome

Anterior translation with retrocollis demonstrating both positive and negative sensory tricks.

C12c199 (Video 12.199): Dystonic Head Tremor

Irregular multidirectional head tremor relieved by sensory gestures and null-point positioning.

C12c200 (Video 12.200): Dystonic Tremor with Torticollis

Jerky horizontal head tremor accompanying right torticollis.

C12c201 (Video 12.201): Severe Dystonic Head Tremor

Prominent head tremor partially controlled by manual stabilization.

C12c202 (Video 12.202): Complex Cervical Dystonic Tremor

Multidirectional jerky head oscillations markedly improved by sensory tricks.

C12c203 (Video 12.203): Closing-the-Loop Phenomenon

Demonstration of cervical dystonia sensory tricks requiring active patient-generated sensory feedback.

Spasmodic Dysphonia - Phenomenology Atlas

Spasmodic Dysphonia - Phenomenology Atlas

Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

C12c118 (Video 12.118): Mild Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

Breathy vocal breaks triggered by vowels and soft consonants.

C12c119 (Video 12.119): Sodium Oxybate-Responsive ABSD

Abductor vocal breaks significantly improved after sodium oxybate administration.

C12c120 (Video 12.120): Moderate Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

Breathy strained voice with partial response to sodium oxybate.

C12c121 (Video 12.121): ABSD with Sensory Feedback Maneuver

Improvement of vocal breaks by cupping hands behind the ears.

C12c122 (Video 12.122): ABSD with Writer's Cramp

Concurrent laryngeal and hand dystonia.

C12c123 (Video 12.123): Moderate ABSD

Frequent breathy vocal interruptions affecting connected speech.

C12c124 (Video 12.124): Classic ABSD

Task-specific breathy breaks reproduced by trigger sentences.

C12c125 (Video 12.125): Moderate-Severe ABSD

Telephone conversations markedly impaired while singing remains easier.

C12c126 (Video 12.126): Severe Abductor Dysphonia

Frequent vocal interruptions affecting nearly all speech.

C12c127 (Video 12.127): Near-Mute ABSD

Almost complete inability to generate fluent speech.

C12c128 (Video 12.128): Severe ABSD with Compensatory Strain

Abductor breaks partially compensated by excessive vocal effort.

C12c129 (Video 12.129): Advanced ABSD

Continuous vocal breaks significantly impairing communication.

C12c130 (Video 12.130): Severe Young-Onset ABSD

Frequent abductor vocal interruptions involving virtually every sentence.

C12c131 (Video 12.131): ABSD with Vocal Tremor

Breathy voice following botulinum toxin injections and superimposed vocal tremor.

C12c132 (Video 12.132): ABSD with Mild Vocal Tremor

Prominent abductor breaks with subtle oscillatory voice tremor.

C12c133 (Video 12.133): Abductor Dysphonia and Tremor

Speech improved by whispering or speaking in higher pitch.

C12c134 (Video 12.134): Vocal Tremor During Singing

ABSD associated with regular oscillatory tremor during singing.

C12c135 (Video 12.135): Severe ABSD with Tremor

Difficulty sustaining vowels due to combined tremor and vocal breaks.

C12c136 (Video 12.136): ABSD Improved with Sodium Oxybate

Modest improvement in both vocal tremor and vocal breaks.

C12c137 (Video 12.137): Singer with ABSD and Vocal Tremor

Task-specific dysphonia combined with prominent tremor during singing.

Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

C12c138 (Video 12.138): Mild Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

Subtle strangled vocal quality with intermittent adductor breaks.

C12c139 (Video 12.139): Sodium Oxybate-Responsive ADSD

Near-complete disappearance of adductor breaks after treatment.

C12c140 (Video 12.140): Moderate ADSD

Strangled voice quality and multiple adductor interruptions during phonation.

C12c141 (Video 12.141): Mild-Moderate ADSD

Relatively fluent speech interrupted by dystonic vocal strain.

C12c142 (Video 12.142): Raspy Adductor Dysphonia

Prominent vocal strain with relatively few overt breaks.

C12c143 (Video 12.143): Classic ADSD

Strained voice improving during whispering and singing.

C12c144 (Video 12.144): Moderate ADSD with Frequent Breaks

Speech disrupted by recurrent adductor interruptions.

C12c145 (Video 12.145): ADSD with Preserved Whispering

Characteristic vowel-triggered breaks with normal whispering.

C12c146 (Video 12.146): Moderate Adductor Dysphonia

Constricted, strained voice with significant vowel-induced spasms.

C12c147 (Video 12.147): ADSD with Compensatory Speech Strategies

Patient adapts to persistent vocal strain and voice interruptions.

C12c148 (Video 12.148): Moderate-Severe ADSD

Frequent adductor breaks and markedly strained speech.

C12c149 (Video 12.149): Severe Adductor Dysphonia

Near-continuous constricted phonation affecting all vocal output.

C12c150 (Video 12.150): Severe ADSD with Voice Dropout

Sustained adductor spasms causing periodic inability to phonate.

C12c151 (Video 12.151): Advanced Adductor Dysphonia

Voice perceived as trapped in the throat because of persistent spasms.

C12c152 (Video 12.152): Young Adult with Severe ADSD

Marked impact of dystonic voice disorder on everyday life.

C12c153 (Video 12.153): Singing-Induced Adductor Dysphonia

Task-specific dystonia triggered predominantly during singing.

C12c154 (Video 12.154): Singer's Dystonia

Adductor breaks occurring exclusively during sustained singing.

C12c155 (Video 12.155): Register-Specific Singer's Dystonia

Breaks occurring in middle register while high register remains preserved.

C12c156 (Video 12.156): Singing Dystonia with Compensation

Professional singer adapts technique to overcome dystonic interruptions.

C12c157 (Video 12.157): ADSD with Vocal Tremor

Combined adductor vocal breaks and oscillatory phonatory tremor.

C12c158 (Video 12.158): Severe ADSD with Tremor

Strangled speech accompanied by prominent vocal oscillations.

C12c159 (Video 12.159): ADSD with Reading-Induced Tremor

Vocal tremor emerging during connected speech.

C12c160 (Video 12.160): Adductor Dysphonia with Oscillatory Tremor

Regular phonatory oscillations combined with mild adductor spasms.

C12c161 (Video 12.161): ADSD with Fast Vocal Tremor

Fine rapid tremor superimposed on adductor voice breaks.

C12c162 (Video 12.162): Moderate-Severe ADSD and Vocal Tremor

Strangled voice accompanied by audible rhythmic oscillation.

C12c163 (Video 12.163): Mixed Tremor and Adductor Dysphonia

Vocal tremor interrupted intermittently by adductor spasms.

C12c164 (Video 12.164): Advanced ADSD with Vocal Tremor

Continuous vocal tremor and persistent dystonic voice breaks.

Embouchure Dystonia (Brass and Woodwind) - Phenomenology Atlas

Embouchure Dystonia (Brass and Woodwind)

C12c78 (Video 12.78): Trumpet Embouchure Tremor

Middle-register embouchure tremor consistent with tremor-variant embouchure dystonia.

C12c79 (Video 12.79): Trumpet Embouchure Tremor with Mentalis Activation

Visible and audible lip tremor involving lower facial musculature.

C12c80 (Video 12.80): Trumpet Lip-Pulling Embouchure Dystonia

Downward pulling of lip corners causing air leakage during performance.

C12c81 (Video 12.81): Severe Trumpet Lip-Pulling Dystonia

Loss of embouchure control affecting multiple playing registers.

C12c82 (Video 12.82): Task-Specific Meige Syndrome in a Trumpeter

Lower facial dystonia triggered simply by assuming playing position.

C12c83 (Video 12.83): Task-Specific Meige with Sensory Trick

Blepharospasm and facial dystonia abolished by self-generated facial touch.

C12c84 (Video 12.84): French Horn Embouchure Tremor

Task-specific embouchure tremor confined to a narrow register range.

C12c85 (Video 12.85): French Horn Embouchure Tremor

High-register tremor worsened after botulinum toxin treatment.

C12c86 (Video 12.86): French Horn Tremor Variant

Rapid visible embouchure tremor during performance.

C12c87 (Video 12.87): French Horn Task-Specific Tremor

Register-specific embouchure oscillations.

C12c88 (Video 12.88): French Horn Tremor Affecting Articulation

Greater impairment during separated attacks than slurred notes.

C12c89 (Video 12.89): Mouthpiece-Induced Embouchure Tremor

Visible tremor present both with mouthpiece and instrument.

C12c90 (Video 12.90): Essential Tremor Presenting as Embouchure Tremor

Jaw, facial, and vocal tremor affecting brass performance.

C12c91 (Video 12.91): French Horn Lip-Pulling Dystonia

Difficulty producing connected slurred notes.

C12c92 (Video 12.92): Articulation Failure Embouchure Dystonia

Loss of clarity at attack initiation in exposed orchestral passages.

C12c93 (Video 12.93): Advanced Horn Embouchure Dystonia

Difficulty initiating and sustaining tones in upper register.

C12c94 (Video 12.94): Jaw and Tongue Embouchure Dystonia

Jaw retraction and lingual tightening disrupting performance.

C12c95 (Video 12.95): Trombone Embouchure Tremor

Middle-register embouchure tremor causing difficulty sustaining pitch and tone production.

C12c96 (Video 12.96): Trombone Tremor Variant of Embouchure Dystonia

Visible and audible embouchure tremor most prominent in middle and low registers.

C12c97 (Video 12.97): Trombone Lip-Pulling Dystonia

Loss of articulation clarity during note initiation improved by mechanically pulling the lip corners laterally.

C12c98 (Video 12.98): Severe Trombone Lip-Pulling Dystonia

Lateral separation of the lips producing air leakage and impaired tone control.

C12c99 (Video 12.99): Trombone Embouchure Dystonia with Sensory Trick

Lip-pulling dystonia relieved by touching the cheek, improving note attacks.

C12c100 (Video 12.100): Trombone Lip-Lock Dystonia

Involuntary lip clamping causing delayed articulation and impaired note initiation.

C12c101 (Video 12.101): Lip-Lock Embouchure Dystonia

Failure of lip release during articulation resulting in delayed sound production.

C12c102 (Video 12.102): Sensory-Responsive Lip-Lock Dystonia

Improved articulation through facial sensory trick application.

C12c103 (Video 12.103): Lip-Lock Dystonia with Multiple Sensory Tricks

Improvement in attacks by touching the chin or jaw.

C12c104 (Video 12.104): Tuba Embouchure Tremor

Fine low-register embouchure tremor affecting sustained tone.

C12c105 (Video 12.105): Subtle Tuba Embouchure Dystonia

Selective impairment of highly exposed solo note attacks.

C12c106 (Video 12.106): Velocity-Dependent Lip-Lock Dystonia

Articulation failure occurring only during very slow note attacks.

C12c107 (Video 12.107): Didgeridoo Task-Induced Tremor

Jaw and facial tremor during didgeridoo performance, likely representing task-induced essential tremor.

C12c108 (Video 12.108): Alphorn Embouchure Tremor

Visible and audible tremor of embouchure control during performance.

Woodwind Embouchure Dystonia

C12c109 (Video 12.109): Flute Lip-Pulling Dystonia

Upper-lip protrusion misdirecting airflow, markedly improved by sensory tricks.

C12c110 (Video 12.110): Flute Embouchure Dystonia with Bilateral Sensory Gestes

Upper-lip dystonia improved by internal and external tactile cues.

C12c111 (Video 12.111): Instrument-Specific Jaw Dystonia

Normal flute playing but complete inability to control the saxophone embouchure.

C12c112 (Video 12.112): Jaw Embouchure Dystonia with Writer's Cramp

Combined flute, clarinet, and writing dystonia sharing a common dystonic mechanism.

C12c113 (Video 12.113): Flute Embouchure Dystonia with Mirror Writer's Cramp

Jaw dystonia during flute performance with coexisting hand dystonia.

C12c114 (Video 12.114): Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Embouchure Dystonia

Task-specific laryngeal and pharyngeal dystonia affecting saxophone tone production.

C12c115 (Video 12.115): Embouchure Dystonia with Spread to Rest

Jaw dystonia progressing beyond instrument playing to occur spontaneously.

C12c116 (Video 12.116): Tongue Embouchure Dystonia with Speech Spread

Tongue dystonia initially limited to flute playing, later affecting speech.

C12c117 (Video 12.117): Tongue Embouchure Dystonia

Persistent speech impairment after spread from task-specific flute dystonia.

Blepharospasm, Meige Syndrome, Oromandibular Dystonia - Phenomenology Atlas

Blepharospasm

C12c36 (Video 12.36): Mild Blepharospasm
Increased spontaneous blink rate representing early orbicularis oculi dystonia.

C12c37 (Video 12.37): Moderate Blepharospasm
Excess blinking and forced eyelid closure exacerbated during speech.

C12c38 (Video 12.38): Severe Blepharospasm with Eyelid Opening Apraxia
Functionally disabling blepharospasm partially improved by sensory tricks.

C12c39 (Video 12.39): Blepharospasm with State Function Behavior
Severe eye closure abolished during reading aloud and improved by sensory gestes.

C12c40 (Video 12.40): Blepharospasm Improved by Activity Change
Eye closure improving with speech, counting aloud, and backward walking.

C12c41 (Video 12.41): Severe Blepharospasm with Forceful Geste
Persistent tonic eye closure relieved by manual eye opening.

C12c42 (Video 12.42): Blepharospasm with Eyelid Opening Apraxia
Marked inability to reopen the eyes after blink or voluntary eye closure.

C12c43 (Video 12.43): Functionally Blinding Blepharospasm
Severe blepharospasm and eyelid opening apraxia producing profound disability.

Meige Syndrome

C12c44 (Video 12.44): Meige Syndrome with Cervical Dystonia

Severe craniosegmental dystonia featuring blepharospasm, jaw-opening dystonia, lower facial dystonia, and cervical dystonia with forceful sensory geste.

C12c45 (Video 12.45): Meige Syndrome with Torticollis

Blepharospasm and cervical dystonia improving transiently during quiet sitting.

C12c46 (Video 12.46): Classic Meige Syndrome

Blepharospasm and jaw-opening dystonia alleviated by oral sensory tricks.

C12c47 (Video 12.47): Severe Jaw-Opening Meige Syndrome

Prominent jaw-opening dystonia impairing speech and eating, improved by syringe and facial sensory gestes.

C12c48 (Video 12.48): Oromandibular Dystonia with Oral Appliance Response

Speech and eating markedly improved using customized dental devices.

C12c49 (Video 12.49): Meige Syndrome with Respiratory Dystonia

Blepharospasm, lower facial dystonia, anterocollis, and dystonic respiratory interruptions during speech.

C12c50 (Video 12.50): Meige Syndrome with Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

Prominent lower facial dystonia accompanied by strangulated dystonic speech.

C12c51 (Video 12.51): Craniosegmental Dystonia with State Function Phenomena

Blepharospasm, torticollis, and facial dystonia improving with backward walking and sensory tricks.

C12c52 (Video 12.52): Severe Meige Syndrome

Tonic blepharospasm and platysma dystonia demonstrating classic state-function behavior.

C12c53 (Video 12.53): Advanced Craniosegmental Dystonia

Blepharospasm, jaw-closing dystonia, and torticollis partially relieved by sensory gestes.

Oromandibular Dystonia

C12c54 (Video 12.54): Jaw-Deviation Dystonia

Leftward jaw deviation at rest and during speech relieved by facial and dental sensory tricks.

C12c55 (Video 12.55): Lateral Jaw Dystonia

Rightward involuntary jaw deviation improved by placing an object between the teeth.

C12c56 (Video 12.56): Isolated Jaw Dystonia

Leftward jaw deviation improving with low-dose trihexyphenidyl.

C12c57 (Video 12.57): Jaw-Opening and Lingual Dystonia

Tongue and jaw dystonia significantly impairing chewing and swallowing.

C12c58 (Video 12.58): Severe Jaw-Opening Dystonia

Marked speech impairment improved by oral and facial sensory tricks.

C12c59 (Video 12.59): Severe Oromandibular Dystonia

Jaw-opening dystonia interfering with speech and eating, responsive to sensory tricks and diazepam.

C12c60 (Video 12.60): Jaw-Closing Dystonia

Task-induced jaw clenching relieved by dental sensory geste.

C12c61 (Video 12.61): Complex Oromandibular Dystonia

Jaw-opening and lateral jaw movements attenuated by oral sensory tricks.

C12c62 (Video 12.62): Oromandibular Dystonia with Reduced Awareness

Jaw-opening and lower facial dystonia perceived by the patient as abnormal gum sensations.

C12c63 (Video 12.63): Speech- and Eating-Induced Oromandibular Dystonia

Jaw-opening and tongue dystonia markedly impairing mastication.

C12c64 (Video 12.64): Jaw Malalignment Dystonia

Task-induced jaw misalignment relieved by dental prosthesis.

C12c65 (Video 12.65): Paradoxical Oromandibular Dystonia

Facial and jaw movements worse at rest but improved during speaking.

C12c66 (Video 12.66): Jaw-Opening Dystonia with Lingual Involvement

Speech and chewing trigger complex jaw and tongue dystonia.

C12c67 (Video 12.67): Eating-Induced Oromandibular Dystonia

Meal-triggered dystonia producing severe swallowing dysfunction.

C12c68 (Video 12.68): Lower Facial and Lingual Dystonia

Speech-induced tongue movements and eating-triggered facial dystonia improved by sensory tricks.

C12c69 (Video 12.69): Severe Craniosegmental Dystonia During Eating

Eating markedly exacerbates facial, neck, and jaw dystonic movements.

C12c70 (Video 12.70): Velopharyngeal Dystonia

Hypophonic, nasal speech with improvement on trihexyphenidyl.

C12c71 (Video 12.71): Professional Broadcaster with Velopharyngeal Dystonia

Progressive speech deterioration with preserved whispering and singing.

C12c72 (Video 12.72): Complex Velopharyngeal Dystonia

Forced pseudospastic speech with preservation of whispering.

C12c73 (Video 12.73): Speech-Specific Oromandibular Dystonia

Selective dystonic slurring of specific words and phonemes with preserved singing.

C12c74 (Video 12.74): Speech-Induced Meige Syndrome

Lower facial, jaw, and cervical dystonia triggered exclusively by speaking.

C12c75 (Video 12.75): Talking-Induced Jaw-Opening Dystonia

Severe speech impairment despite preserved eating and swallowing.

C12c76 (Video 12.76): Actor with Speech-Induced Meige Syndrome

Task-specific speaking dystonia abolished by sensory tricks, accent changes, and singing.

C12c77 (Video 12.77): Prayer-Induced Oromandibular Dystonia

Task-specific facial dystonia triggered only during Arabic prayer recitation.

DYT1, DYT3, DYT5, DYT6, DYT12, DYT28 - Phenomneology Atlas

DYT1, DYT3, DYT5, DYT6, DYT12, DYT28 - Phenomneology Atlas

DYT1 Dystonia

C12c1 (Video 12.1): DYT1 Writer's Cramp and Postural Arm Dystonia

Young boy with right upper limb dystonia characterized by ulnar deviation of the hand, dystonic posturing during wingbeat position, task-specific writer's cramp, and dystonic activation during pouring tasks.

C12c2 (Video 12.2): DYT1 Writer's Cramp with Mirror Dystonia

Right wrist dystonia and severe writer's cramp accompanied by mirror dystonia triggered by writing or even imagining writing with the opposite hand.

C12c3 (Video 12.3): Mild Upper-Limb DYT1 Dystonia

Subtle postural dystonia of the right hand with thumb-index finger writer's cramp and associated mirror dystonic movements.

C12c4 (Video 12.4): DYT1 Foot Dystonia

Severe dystonic plantarflexion and toe flexion of the right foot causing marked gait impairment and fixed abnormal posture.

C12c5 (Video 12.5): DYT1 Leg Dystonia with State Function Phenomenon

Walking-induced inversion and plantarflexion dystonia improving during running and backward walking.

C12c6 (Video 12.6): Lower Extremity DYT1 Dystonia

Complex gait dystonia with ankle and knee flexion triggered during walking and improved with backward gait.

C12c7 (Video 12.7): Severe Generalized Childhood-Onset DYT1 Dystonia

Rapidly progressive generalized dystonia with prominent opisthotonus successfully treated with bilateral GPi deep brain stimulation.

C12c8 (Video 12.8): Chronic Upper-Limb DYT1 Dystonia

Longstanding left arm dystonia with null point phenomenon, dystonic tremor, severe writer's cramp, and preserved gait.

C12c9 (Video 12.9): Hemidystonic DYT1 Phenotype

Right-sided arm and leg dystonia with null point behavior, mirror dystonia, and dramatic improvement after GPi DBS.

C12c10 (Video 12.10): Early DYT1 Dystonia

Childhood-onset writer's cramp and gait-induced lower extremity dystonia improved by running and backward walking.

C12c11 (Video 12.11): DYT1 Dystonia with Adductor Dysphonia

Writer's cramp associated with spasmodic dysphonia and mild postural upper-limb dystonia.

C12c12 (Video 12.12): Progressive DYT1 Foot Dystonia

Severe lower-limb dystonia and writer's cramp markedly improved with trihexyphenidyl and later GPi DBS.

C12c13 (Video 12.13): Dystonic Storm in DYT1

Severe generalized dystonia with retrocollic arching, initially misdiagnosed as functional, subsequently improved after DBS.

C12c14 (Video 12.14): Adult DYT1 Dystonia with Camptocormia

Generalized dystonia with spasmodic dysphonia, sensory tricks, upper-limb dystonia, and classic “dromedary gait.”

C12c15 (Video 12.15): Severe DYT1 Dystonia with Dystonic Storm

Childhood generalized dystonia complicated by DBS infection, hardware removal, and recurrent dystonic storm.

C12c16 (Video 12.16): Familial DYT1 Dystonia

Multigenerational DYT1 dystonia characterized by arm tremor, severe writer's cramp, truncal dystonia, and gait abnormalities.

DYT3 (X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism)

C12c17 (Video 12.17): DYT3 Dystonia-Parkinsonism

Blepharospasm, torticollis, left upper limb tremor, and superimposed parkinsonian features in a Filipino patient.

C12c18 (Video 12.18): DYT3 with Medication Wearing-Off

Reemergence of hand dystonia and eyelid-opening apraxia several hours after trihexyphenidyl dosing.

C12c19 (Video 12.19): DYT3 Cervical Dystonia

Rightward torticollis and laterocollis demonstrating benefit from a sensory trick.

C12c20 (Video 12.20): Parkinsonian Phase of DYT3

Predominantly symmetric akinetic-rigid parkinsonism with minimal residual dystonia.

Dopa-Responsive Dystonia (DYT5)

C12c21 (Video 12.21): Classic Dopa-Responsive Dystonia

Lower-extremity dystonia with diurnal fluctuation showing complete resolution after levodopa treatment.

C12c22 (Video 12.22): DYT5 Mimicking Spastic Diplegia

Scissoring dystonic gait dramatically responsive to low-dose levodopa.

C12c23 (Video 12.23): Treated DYT5

Normal neurological examination following levodopa initiation in genetically confirmed disease.

C12c24 (Video 12.24): Early Dopa-Responsive Dystonia

Subtle gait stiffness and hyperreflexia improving with very low-dose levodopa.

C12c25 (Video 12.25): Adult Manifestation of DYT5

Mild spastic gait and tremor despite treatment.

C12c26 (Video 12.26): Cervical and Limb Dopa-Responsive Dystonia

Torticollis and writer's cramp demonstrating classic sensory tricks.

DYT6 Dystonia

C12c27 (Video 12.27): DYT6 with Cranial Involvement

Speech-induced cranial dystonia associated with task-specific writer's cramp.

C12c28 (Video 12.28): Advanced DYT6 Dystonia

Complex cranio-cervical dystonia with prominent sensory tricks and task-induced arm dystonia.

DYT12 (Rapid-Onset Dystonia-Parkinsonism)

C12c29 (Video 12.29): Juvenile Rapid-Onset Dystonia-Parkinsonism

Generalized bradykinesia, hypophonia, limb dystonia, and spastic gait.

C12c30 (Video 12.30): Progressive DYT12

Asymmetric parkinsonism evolving into combined dystonia-parkinsonism over years.

C12c31 (Video 12.31): Levodopa-Responsive DYT12 Phenotype

Mixed dystonia and parkinsonism with partial improvement in speech, gait, and limb function.

C12c32 (Video 12.32): Advanced DYT12 Syndrome

Severe dysarthria, bulbar dystonia, parkinsonism, and prominent upper-limb posturing.

C12c33 (Video 12.33): DYT12 with Oculogyric Crisis

Painful dystonic attacks and sustained upgaze episodes dramatically responsive to levodopa.

DYT28 (KMT2B Dystonia)

C12c34 (Video 12.34): Early DYT28 Dystonia

Writer's cramp and gait-induced generalized dystonia improving during running and skipping.

C12c35 (Video 12.35): DYT28 with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Severe generalized dystonia, spasticity, and scissoring gait associated with SHANK-related neurodevelopmental disease.