Functional Movement Disorders (Part 4): Functional Slowness, Speech and Voice Disorders

Functional Movement Disorders (Part 4): Functional Slowness, Speech and Voice Disorders

Functional Parkinsonism

Video 15.54 (C15c54): Functional Bradykinesia

Apparent slowness without decrement, rigidity, or gait abnormality.

Video 15.55 (C15c55): Functional Reduced Arm Swing

Absent arm swing despite preserved dexterity and normal motor testing.

Video 15.56 (C15c56): Functional Parkinsonism

Effortful movements, variable slowness, distractible involuntary tapping, and collapses inconsistent with organic parkinsonism.

Functional Voice Disorders

Video 15.57 (C15c57): Functional Breathing and Voice Disorder

Paroxysmal stridor, dyspnea, and vocal dysfunction triggered during examination.

Video 15.58 (C15c58): Functional Speech Disorder

Inconsistent low-pitched speech with intrusive consonant production.

Video 15.59 (C15c59): Functional Voice Tremor/Spasm

Neck and vocal intrusions during speech disappearing with altered speaking patterns and singing.

Functional Movement Disorders (Part 3): Functional Spasms, Posturing and Functional Dystonia

Functional Movement Disorders (Part 3): Functional Spasms, Posturing and Functional Dystonia

Functional Spasms and Functional Dystonia

Video 15.34 (C15c34): Functional Spasm Episode

Severe episodic posturing, breathing difficulty, and impaired ambulation.

Video 15.35 (C15c35): Functional Generalized Spasm

Sustained limb and facial posturing with retained interaction during the episode.

Video 15.36 (C15c36): Functional Dystonic Attacks

Stress-related painful sustained posturing with preserved awareness.

Video 15.37 (C15c37): Functional Generalized Dystonia

Continuous complex posturing involving all four limbs.

Video 15.38 (C15c38): Functional Paroxysmal Limb Posturing

Episodic arm dystonia evolving from tremor-like movements.

Video 15.39 (C15c39): Functional Painful Hand Posturing

Jerking hand movements relieved by dramatic flinging behaviors.

Video 15.40 (C15c40): Functional Mixed Hyperkinetic Syndrome

Combination of leg bouncing, arm jerks, facial movements, and neck turning.

Video 15.41 (C15c41): Functional Fixed Finger Flexion

Fixed finger postures resistant to passive manipulation.

Video 15.42 (C15c42): Functional Fixed Dystonia of the Hand

Persistent flexed finger posture with immediate recurrence after correction.

Video 15.43 (C15c43): Functional Dystonia with Jerks

Alternating sustained postures and jerking forearm movements.

Video 15.44 (C15c44): Functional Dystonic Attack

Progression from finger tremor to whole-arm, neck, and trunk involvement.

Video 15.45 (C15c45): Functional Limb Posturing with Gait Impairment

Task-induced arm posturing and nonphysiologic lower-limb dysfunction.

Video 15.46 (C15c46): Functional Facial Spasms

Difficulty closing eyes during attacks with atypical facial contractions.

Video 15.47 (C15c47): Mild Functional Jaw Movement Disorder

Essentially normal examination except intermittent jaw movements.

Video 15.48 (C15c48): Functional Cranio-Cervical Spasms

Repetitive jaw opening, eye closure, facial pulling, and neck flexion.

Video 15.49 (C15c49): Functional Eye Closure Episode

Eye closure with eyebrow elevation and nonanatomic ocular findings.

Video 15.50 (C15c50): Functional Arm Posturing

Jerky arm movements with preference for sustained flexed posture.

Video 15.51 (C15c51): Functional Foot Dystonia

Persistent inversion and adduction posture with inconsistent weakness.

Video 15.52 (C15c52): Functional Upper-Limb Dystonia

Sustained finger and arm flexion despite preserved target-directed movements.

Video 15.53 (C15c53): Functional Gait Disorder with Leg Buckling

Inconsistent lower-limb dysfunction persisting across different gait tasks.

Functional Movement Disorders (Part 2): Functional Tremor, Shaking and Functional Gait Disorders

Functional Movement Disorders (Part 2): Functional Tremor, Shaking and Functional Gait Disorders

Functional Tremor

Video 15.12 (C15c12): Functional Gait Disorder with Shaking

Astasia-abasia and truncal flexion occurring only during standing and walking.

Video 15.13 (C15c13): Functional Cervical Tremor

Variable neck shaking with astasia-abasia gait and nonphysiologic spiral findings.

Video 15.14 (C15c14): Functional Generalized Shaking

Variable-amplitude shaking affecting limbs and trunk with dramatic gait impairment.

Video 15.15 (C15c15): Functional Leg Shaking

Continuous leg shaking accompanied by relative indifference and preserved coordination.

Video 15.16 (C15c16): Functional Gait Disorder

Highly unusual gait with excessive stepping, pelvic tilting, and preserved tandem abilities.

Video 15.17 (C15c17): Functional Leg Tremor

Variable bilateral leg shaking with knee-knocking and astasia-abasia features.

Video 15.18 (C15c18): Functional Upper-Limb Tremor

Complex variable tremor with preserved finger-to-nose accuracy and inconsistent disability.

Video 15.19 (C15c19): Functional Head and Truncal Tremor

Continuous head movements relieved by turning the head and accompanied by gait bouncing.

Video 15.20 (C15c20): Functional Gait and Tremor Syndrome

Bouncing gait, give-way weakness, and prominent astasia-abasia.

Video 15.21 (C15c21): Generalized Functional Tremor

Variable whole-body shaking with differing phenomenology during sitting versus standing.

Video 15.22 (C15c22): Distractible Functional Tremor

Body shaking improving with motor entrainment and distraction.

Video 15.23 (C15c23): Functional Tremor with Speech Disturbance

Arm shaking and speech changes provoked by simple motor tasks.

Video 15.24 (C15c24): Functional Arm Tremor

Tremor during action without impairment of target accuracy.

Video 15.25 (C15c25): Functional Monomelic Tremor

Persistent unilateral arm tremor with inconsistent neurologic findings.

Video 15.26 (C15c26): Entrainable Functional Tremor

Bilateral arm tremor suppressed by contralateral motor tasks.

Video 15.27 (C15c27): Functional Generalized Shaking

Whole-body shaking relieved by purposeful movements and targeting tasks.

Video 15.28 (C15c28): Functional Tremor Mimicking Parkinson Disease

Rest, postural, and action tremor lacking characteristic Parkinsonian features.

Video 15.29 (C15c29): Functional Facial Pulling and Tremor

Facial asymmetry, truncal flexion movements, belching, and task-dependent tremor.

Video 15.30 (C15c30): Functional Generalized Tremor

Continuous variable shaking with spontaneous imbalance and astasia-abasia.

Video 15.31 (C15c31): Distractible Functional Tremor

Latency-dependent hand tremor abolished by cognitive distraction.

Video 15.32 (C15c32): Functional Rest Tremor with Gait Disorder

Variable unilateral tremor and incongruent leg-dragging gait.

Video 15.33 (C15c33): Functional Bilateral Tremor

Asynchronous rest tremor with variable suppression and nonphysiologic spiral performance.

Functional Movement Disorders (Part 1): Functional Jerks and Functional Myoclonus

Functional Movement Disorders (Part 1): Functional Jerks and Functional Myoclonus

Functional Jerks

Video 15.1 (C15c1): Functional Generalized Jerks

Variable jerking movements of the head, trunk, pelvis, and right hand with gait-triggered tremulousness.

Video 15.2 (C15c2): Functional Facial and Cervical Jerks

Variable neck jerks associated with downward eyebrow and mouth pulling.

Video 15.3 (C15c3): Functional Whole-Body Jerks

Continuous jerking of the trunk, head, arms, and legs exacerbated by standing and writing.

Video 15.4 (C15c4): Functional Jerks with Astasia-Abasia

Jerks suppressed by mental distraction and accompanied by highly incongruent gait impairment.

Video 15.5 (C15c5): Functional Multifocal Jerks

Asynchronous limb and truncal jerks with tremulous, pseudo-asterixis-like movements.

Video 15.6 (C15c6): Functional Propriospinal-Like Jerks

Generalized body jerks mimicking propriospinal myoclonus but demonstrating preparatory movements and nonphysiologic spread.

Video 15.7 (C15c7): Functional Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder

Continuous twisting, posturing, clapping, and inability to remain still in the context of psychosocial stress.

Video 15.8 (C15c8): Functional Violent Whole-Body Jerks

Frequent generalized violent jerks involving neck, trunk, arms, and vocalization.

Video 15.9 (C15c9): Functional Jerks with Distractibility

Small-amplitude hand jerks evolving into dramatic bilateral arm jerks responsive to distraction.

Video 15.10 (C15c10): Functional Tremor and Jerks

Distractible intermittent jerks and tremor paradoxically improving during challenging tasks.

Video 15.11 (C15c11): Functional Jerking Episode with Convergence Spasm

Paroxysmal violent flailing movements followed by convergence spasm.

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 4): Acquired Cerebellar Syndromes and Nystagmus Disorders

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 4): Acquired Cerebellar Syndromes and Nystagmus Disorders

Acquired Cerebellar and Brainstem Disorders

Video 13.60 (C13c60): Multiple Sclerosis with Cerebellar Tremor

Bilateral wing-beating tremor, dysmetria, and titubation.

Video 13.61 (C13c61): Midbrain Hemorrhage with Oculopalatal/Cerebellar Tremor Syndrome

Continuous head tremor, oscillopsia, adduction deficits, and limb cerebellar tremor.

Video 13.62 (C13c62): Lateral Medullary (Wallenberg) Syndrome

Ipsilateral Horner syndrome, limb ataxia, body lateropulsion, and palatal weakness.

Video 13.63 (C13c63): Periodic Alternating Nystagmus from Chiari I Malformation

Alternating direction-changing nystagmus with mild cerebellar syndrome.

Video 13.64 (C13c64): Superficial Siderosis

Severe sensory-vestibular ataxia with marked dependence on visual input.

Video 13.65 (C13c65): Post-Chemotherapy Cerebellar Toxicity

Mild pediatric cerebellar syndrome with subtle gait ataxia.

Video 13.66 (C13c66): Carbamazepine Toxicity

Multidirectional gaze-evoked nystagmus with mild cerebellar limb ataxia.

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 3): Immune-Mediated, Paraneoplastic and Inflammatory Ataxias

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 3): Immune-Mediated, Paraneoplastic and Inflammatory Ataxias

Alexander Disease

Video 13.46 (C13c46): Adult-Onset Alexander Disease

Palatal myoclonus, mild cerebellar ataxia, and the characteristic MRI “tadpole sign.”

CANVAS

Video 13.47 (C13c47): CANVAS (Cerebellar Ataxia, Neuropathy, Vestibular Areflexia Syndrome)

Chronic cough, vestibular areflexia, sensory ataxia, and visual compensation during gait.

Post-Infectious and Autoimmune Ataxias

Video 13.49 (C13c49): Post-Infectious Cerebellitis with Myoclonus

Positive and negative myoclonus superimposed on mild cerebellar ataxia.

Video 13.50 (C13c50): Post-Infectious Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome (OMAS)

Opsoclonus, action myoclonus, and ataxia resolving with immunotherapy.

Video 13.51 (C13c51): Anti-GAD Cerebellar Ataxia

Progressive scanning dysarthria and severe gait instability.

Video 13.52 (C13c52): Advanced Anti-GAD Cerebellar Ataxia

Severe appendicular and gait ataxia with inability to stand independently.

Video 13.53 (C13c53): Para-Infectious OMAS

Florid opsoclonus, myoclonus, and ataxia with complete treatment response.

Video 13.54 (C13c54): Post-COVID OMAS

Ocular flutter, mild myoclonus, and cerebellar gait ataxia.

Video 13.55 (C13c55): Para-Infectious OMAS (Recovery Phase)

Resolving ocular flutter, action myoclonus, and gait instability.

Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Syndromes

Video 13.56 (C13c56): Anti-Yo Cerebellar Degeneration

Scanning dysarthria, tremor, dysmetria, and severe gait ataxia.

Video 13.57 (C13c57): Advanced Anti-Yo Cerebellar Degeneration

Head tremor, severe cerebellar dysarthria, and appendicular ataxia.

Video 13.58 (C13c58): Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration

Severe titubation, cerebellar tremor, and inability to ambulate independently.

Video 13.59 (C13c59): Cerebellar (Holmes-Type) Tremor in Paraneoplastic Disease

Severe unilateral proximal tremor with marked target impairment.

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 2): Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA1-SCA17)

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 2): Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA1-SCA17)

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 (SCA1)

Video 13.25 (C13c25): SCA1

Titubation, staring appearance, dysmetria, hypertonia, and pontocerebellar atrophy.

Video 13.26 (C13c26): SCA1 with Slow Saccades

Scanning speech, slowed saccades, hyperreflexia, and severe gait ataxia.

Video 13.27 (C13c27): Advanced SCA1

Severe dysarthria, muscle wasting, saccadic initiation failure, and inability to bear weight.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2)

Video 13.28 (C13c28): SCA2

Selective slowing of horizontal saccades with mild cerebellar ataxia.

-pending

Video 13.29 (C13c29): SCA2 with Round-the-House Saccades

Horizontal saccade slowing, spooning, and limb dysmetria.

Video 13.30 (C13c30): SCA2 with Jaw-Opening Dystonia

Cerebellar ataxia complicated by speech-induced cranial dystonia responsive to sensory trick.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3 / Machado-Joseph Disease)

Video 13.31 (C13c31): Mild SCA3

Minimal ocular motor abnormalities with moderate gait ataxia.

Video 13.32 (C13c32): SCA3

Mild cerebellar syndrome with severe gait impairment.

Video 13.33 (C13c33): Progressive SCA3

Progressive ataxia with worsening dysarthria, gait dysfunction, and MRI atrophy.

-Pending

Video 13.34 (C13c34): SCA3 with Parkinsonian Features

End-gaze nystagmus, ocular overshoot, and levodopa-responsive gait slowing.

Video 13.35 (C13c35): Advanced SCA3

Severe dysarthria and profound appendicular ataxia.

-Pending

Video 13.36 (C13c36): SCA3 with Spasticity

Round-the-house saccades, bradykinesia, ankle clonus, and spastic ataxic gait.

-Pending

Video 13.37 (C13c37): SCA3 with Pyramidal Features

Ocular dysmetria, hyperreflexia, and spastic wide-based gait.

-Pending

Video 13.38 (C13c38): Advanced SCA3

Profound gait ataxia requiring two-person assistance.

-Pending

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6 (SCA6)

Video 13.39 (C13c39): SCA6

Predominantly pure cerebellar ataxia with cerebellar atrophy.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7 (SCA7)

Video 13.40 (C13c40): Advanced SCA7

Scanning dysarthria, horizontal saccade slowing, dysmetria, and severe gait ataxia.

Video 13.41 (C13c41): SCA7

Moderate gait ataxia with crutch dependence.

Video 13.42 (C13c42): SCA7 with Nystagmus

Upbeat and gaze-evoked nystagmus with cerebellar gait disorder.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 8 (SCA8)

Video 13.43 (C13c43): SCA8

Slow repetitive movements and moderate gait ataxia despite relatively preserved targeting.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 17 (SCA17)

Video 13.44 (C13c44): SCA17

Mild cerebellar ataxia with preserved eye movements.

Video 13.45 (C13c45): SCA17 with Myoclonus

Risor sardonicus, cerebellar ataxia, mini-myoclonus, and marked cerebellar atrophy.

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 1): Friedreich Ataxia and Recessive Hereditary Ataxias

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 1): Friedreich Ataxia and Recessive Hereditary Ataxias

Friedreich Ataxia (FA) and Related Disorders

Video 13.1 (C13c1): Friedreich Ataxia

Myoclonus, square-wave jerks, mild athetosis, sensory ataxia, pes cavus, scoliosis, and progressive loss of ambulation.

Video 13.2 (C13c2): Classic Friedreich Ataxia

Macrosaccadic oscillations, sensory ataxia, dysmetria, Babinski signs, pes cavus, and severe scoliosis.

Video 13.3 (C13c3): Friedreich Ataxia with Macrosaccadic Oscillations

Square-wave jerks, macrosaccadic oscillations, mild limb ataxia, and wheelchair dependence.

Video 13.4 (C13c4): Mild Friedreich Ataxia

Square-wave jerks, mild dysmetria, sensory ataxia, and impaired stance.

Video 13.5 (C13c5): Advanced Friedreich Ataxia

Moderate limb ataxia, severe pes cavus, and inability to walk despite preserved upper-limb function.

Video 13.6 (C13c6): Friedreich Ataxia with Symptomatic Macrosaccadic Oscillations

Oscillopsia, scanning dysarthria, dysmetria, and wheelchair dependence.

Video 13.7 (C13c7): Advanced Friedreich Ataxia

Scanning dysarthria, severe sensory ataxia, dysmetria, and marked pes cavus.

Video 13.8 (C13c8): Late-Onset Friedreich Ataxia (LOFA)

Scanning dysarthria, titubation, appendicular ataxia, areflexia, and Babinski signs.

Video 13.9 (C13c9): Late-Onset Friedreich Ataxia

Prominent macrosaccadic oscillations, severe dysmetria, pes cavus, and pyramidal signs.

Video 13.10 (C13c10): Very Late-Onset Friedreich Ataxia (VLOFA)

Spastic ataxic gait with Babinski signs and mild cerebellar dysfunction.

Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT)

Video 13.11 (C13c11): Mild Ataxia-Telangiectasia

Dysarthria with relatively preserved coordination and ambulation.

-Pending

Video 13.12 (C13c12): Ataxia-Telangiectasia with Oculomotor Apraxia

Conjunctival telangiectasias, oculomotor apraxia, dysmetria, and multifocal myoclonus.

Video 13.13 (C13c13): Ataxia-Telangiectasia with Action Myoclonus

Prominent oculomotor apraxia and levetiracetam-responsive myoclonus.

Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency (AVED)

Video 13.14 (C13c14): AVED

Head titubation, subtle ataxia, and task-specific dystonia while writing.

Video 13.15 (C13c15): AVED with Tremor

Scanning dysarthria, head tremor, dystonic posturing, and gait ataxia.

Video 13.16 (C13c16): AVED

Sensory loss, spooning, dysmetria, and sensory-cerebellar gait ataxia.

Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX)

Video 13.17 (C13c17): CTX

Mild cerebellar ataxia associated with Achilles tendon xanthomas.

Video 13.18 (C13c18): CTX with Jaw-Opening Dystonia

Progressive cerebellar syndrome with dystonia improved by sensory tricks and treatment.

Video 13.19 (C13c19): CTX with Cognitive Dysfunction

Ataxia and cognitive impairment improving substantially after treatment.

Video 13.20 (C13c20): CTX with Marked Tendon Xanthomas

Large hand and Achilles xanthomas without significant neurologic dysfunction.

Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia (AOA)

Video 13.21 (C13c21): Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia

Scanning dysarthria, vertical-predominant oculomotor apraxia, and cerebellar ataxia.

PNPLA6-Associated Ataxia

Video 13.22 (C13c22): PNPLA6 Ataxia (Severe Phenotype)

Scanning speech, hypermetric saccades, titubation, dysmetria, and wide-based gait.

Video 13.23 (C13c23): PNPLA6 Ataxia with Hypogonadism

Ataxia, absent OKNs, gynecomastia, and testicular atrophy.

Video 13.24 (C13c24): PNPLA6 Ataxia

Titubation, square-wave jerks, hypermetric saccades, osteoarthritis, and gait ataxia.

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 4): Autoimmune, Metabolic and Structural Chorea

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 4): Autoimmune, Metabolic and Structural Chorea

Autoimmune and Inflammatory Choreas

Video 11.37 (C11c54): Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody Hemichorea

Severe right hemichorea resolving completely after immunotherapy.

Video 11.38 (C11c55): Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody Chorea

Mild generalized chorea associated with autoimmune disease.

Video 11.39 (C11c56): Crohn Disease-Associated Chorea

Generalized chorea responsive to tetrabenazine.

Video 11.40 (C11c57): Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibody Chorea

Moderate generalized chorea with marked activation by concentration.

Sydenham Chorea

Video 11.41 (C11c58–59): Sydenham Chorea

Childhood generalized chorea with hypotonia, milkmaid grip, and gait impairment.

Video 11.42 (C11c60): Mild Sydenham Chorea

Generalized chorea, emotional lability, and impaired balance.

Autoimmune Encephalitis

Video 11.43 (C11c61): LGI1 Antibody-Associated Chorea

Asymmetric chorea resolving after corticosteroid treatment.

Video 11.44 (C11c62): NMDA Receptor Encephalitis with Orofacial Dyskinesias

Classic oral-facial stereotypies and encephalopathic state.

Video 11.45 (C11c63): NMDA Receptor Encephalitis

Repetitive hand stereotypies in a cognitively preserved child.

Structural Chorea and Hemichorea

Video 11.46 (C11c64): Structural Hemichorea-Hemidystonia

Left hemi-chorea with dystonia, hypotonia, and ataxia.

Video 11.48 (C11c66): Structural Chorea after Pontine Hemorrhage

Mixed tremor, dystonia, and choreiform finger movements with brainstem ocular findings.

Hemiballism

Video 11.47 (C11c65): Acute Vascular Hemiballism

Violent right-sided ballistic movements due to acute stroke.

Video 11.49 (C11c67): Severe Hemiballism

Extremely violent right-sided ballistic movements requiring padding and high-dose tetrabenazine.

Video 11.50 (C11c68): Left Hemiballism with Chorea

Proximal and distal ballistic movements with milkmaid grip.

Video 11.51 (C11c69): Subthalamic Nucleus Hemiballism

Classic hemiballism due to hemorrhagic STN lesion.

Hyperglycemic Chorea/Ballism

Video 11.52 (C11c70): Nonketotic Hyperglycemia Hemiballism

Severe unilateral ballistic movements improving after glucose control and haloperidol.

Video 11.53 (C11c71): Hyperglycemic Generalized Chorea

Diffuse chorea markedly improved after metabolic correction.

Other Acquired Choreas

Video 11.54 (C11c72): Post-Pump Chorea

Mild generalized chorea following cardiopulmonary bypass.

Video 11.55 (C11c73): Biballism from Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

Generalized ballistic movements evolving into persistent hemichorea after treatment.

Video 11.56 (C11c74): Choreoathetoid Cerebral Palsy

Severe hemichorea and ballistic limb movements causing major functional impairment.

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 3): HDL-2, Neuroacanthocytosis and Benign Hereditary Chorea

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 3): HDL-2, Neuroacanthocytosis and Benign Hereditary Chorea

Huntington Disease-Like 2 (HDL-2)

Video 11.28 (C11c45): Huntington Disease-Like 2

Moderate generalized chorea and motor impersistence with negative HTT testing and positive JPH3 expansion.

Neuroacanthocytosis

Video 11.29 (C11c46): Neuroacanthocytosis

Mild generalized chorea, severe tongue injury from self-biting, motor impersistence, and characteristic “rubber man” gait.

Video 11.30 (C11c47): Progressive Neuroacanthocytosis

Mild chorea progressing to severe feeding impairment, falls, and PEG tube dependence.

Video 11.31 (C11c48): Advanced Neuroacanthocytosis

Tongue protrusion dystonia, dysphagia, parkinsonism, areflexia, and acanthocytosis.

Benign Hereditary Chorea (BHC)

Video 11.32 (C11c49): Benign Hereditary Chorea (NKX2-1/TTF-1 Related)

Familial non-progressive chorea with parakinesia and absence of motor impersistence.

Video 11.33 (C11c50): Childhood Benign Hereditary Chorea

Generalized chorea and gait instability improving with levodopa.

Video 11.34 (C11c51): Benign Hereditary Chorea with Dystonia

Mild chorea, gait instability, and levodopa-responsive symptoms.

Video 11.35 (C11c52): Adult Benign Hereditary Chorea

Mild lifelong generalized chorea with preserved professional function.

Video 11.36 (C11c53): Mild Benign Hereditary Chorea

Distal chorea activated by concentration without motor impersistence.