Article type: Literature Review
Article title: Overview of Movement Disorders Secondary to Drugs
Journal: Clinics and Practice
Year: 2023
Authors: Jamir Pitton Rissardo, Nilofar Vora, Bejoi Mathew, Vikas Kashyap, Sara Muhammad, and Ana LetÃcia Fornari Caprara
E-mail: jamirrissardo@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Drug-induced movement disorders affect a significant percentage of individuals, and they are commonly overlooked and underdiagnosed in clinical practice. Many comorbidities can affect these individuals, making the diagnosis even more challenging. Several variables, including genetics, environmental factors, and aging, can play a role in the pathophysiology of these conditions. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) are the most commonly used classification systems in categorizing drug-induced movement disorders. This literature review aims to describe the abnormal movements associated with some medications and illicit drugs. Myoclonus is probably the most poorly described movement disorder, in which most of the reports do not describe electrodiagnostic studies. Therefore, the information available is insufficient for the diagnosis of the neuroanatomical source of myoclonus. Drug-induced parkinsonism is rarely adequately evaluated but should be assessed with radiotracers when these techniques are available. Tardive dyskinesias and dyskinesias encompass various abnormal movements, including chorea, athetosis, and ballism. Some authors include a temporal relationship to define tardive syndromes for other movement disorders, such as dystonia, tremor, and ataxia. Antiseizure medications and antipsychotics are among the most thoroughly described drug classes associated with movement disorders.
Keywords: drug-induced; aims; parkinsonism; tardive syndromes; antipsychotics; anticonvulsants; illicit; neuroleptics; dopamine receptor blocker agents; dyskinesia
Full text available at:
DOI
10.3390/clinpract13040087
Citation
Rissardo JP, Vora N, Mathew B, Kashyap V, Muhammad S, Fornari Caprara AL. Overview of Movement Disorders Secondary to Drugs. Clin Pract 2023;13:959-976.
Figure 1. Classification of antipsychotic-induced akathisia according to the time of onset in the course of antipsychotic treatment.
Table 1. Classification of drug-induced movement disorders.
Table 3. Drug-induced dystonia incidence and levels of evidence.
Table 4. Clinical features of cortical and subcortical myoclonus.
Table 5. Clinical features of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and drug-induced parkinsonism.
Table 6. Drug-induced parkinsonism-like emergencies.
Table 7. Pathophysiology of drug-induced tremors.
Table 8. Antiseizure medications associated with movement disorders.
Table 9. Movement disorders associated with psychostimulant drugs.