Secondary Dystonia
Video 12.344 (C12c344): Secondary Dystonia Due to Mitochondrial Disease
Blepharospasm, eyelid-opening apraxia, jaw-opening dystonia, risor sardonicus, and upper-limb dystonia associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Video 12.345 (C12c345): Severe Generalized Secondary Dystonia
Generalized dystonia with intermittent dystonic spasms, spasticity, and bilateral pallidal and nigral lesions on MRI.
Video 12.346 (C12c346): Leigh Syndrome with Dystonia
Upper-limb dystonia and spastic gait associated with bilateral putaminal injury.
Video 12.347 (C12c347): Mitochondrial Encephalopathy with Hemidystonia
Blepharospasm, postural limb dystonia, and dystonic gait associated with bilateral striatal injury.
Video 12.348 (C12c348): Glutaric Aciduria Type I
Severe generalized dystonia with macrocephaly, torticollis, jaw-opening dystonia, and painful dystonic spasms.
Video 12.349 (C12c349): L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria
Writer's cramp and upper-limb dystonia associated with metabolic disease.
Video 12.350 (C12c350): Rasmussen Encephalitis with Hemidystonia
Persistent right-sided dystonia affecting arm posture and gait.
Video 12.351 (C12c351): Rasmussen Encephalitis with EPC and Hemidystonia
Progressive left hemidystonia associated with epilepsia partialis continua.
Video 12.352 (C12c352): Advanced Rasmussen Encephalitis
Severe fixed hemidystonia involving the arm and foot.
Video 12.353 (C12c353): Post-Thalamic Stroke Dystonia
The "dystonic-jerky hand" syndrome characterized by complex dystonic and cerebellar movements.
Video 12.354 (C12c354): Post-Thalamic Stroke Dystonia with Cerebellar Tremor
Mild dystonic hand posturing accompanied by cerebellar outflow tremor.
Video 12.355 (C12c355): Delayed-Onset Post-Stroke Dystonia
Painful thalamic syndrome accompanied by fixed upper-limb dystonia and mild cerebellar tremor.
Video 12.356 (C12c356): Pulvinar Stroke Presenting as Writer's Cramp
Apparent focal dystonia later recognized as secondary dystonia due to pulvinar infarction.
Video 12.357 (C12c357): Post-Traumatic Epilepsy with Foot Dystonia
Task-specific foot dystonia dramatically improved after temporal lobectomy.
Video 12.358 (C12c358): Delayed-Onset Childhood Stroke Hemidystonia
Fixed left hand dystonia developing years after childhood cerebrovascular injury.
Video 12.359 (C12c359): Childhood Stroke with Generalized Hemidystonia
Severe right hemidystonia involving both upper and lower extremities.
Video 12.360 (C12c360): Post-Stroke Cervical Dystonia
Cervical dystonia with adductor spasmodic dysphonia and upper-limb involvement.
Video 12.361 (C12c361): Dystonic Cerebral Palsy
Combined generalized dystonia and spasticity due to perinatal hypoxic injury.
Pseudodystonia
Video 12.362 (C12c362): Juvenile Cervical Inflammatory Arthropathy
Painful restriction of neck movement due to inflammatory C1-C2 disease mimicking cervical dystonia.
Video 12.363 (C12c363): Pseudotorticollis Due to Sternocleidomastoid Lymphoma
Neoplastic invasion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle producing apparent torticollis.
Video 12.364 (C12c364): Myasthenia Gravis Mimicking Cervical Dystonia
Head turning resulting from focal neck weakness rather than dystonic activation.
Video 12.365 (C12c365): Radiation-Induced Neck Fibrosis
Fixed neck posturing caused by radiation myopathy.
Video 12.366 (C12c366): Congenital Muscular Torticollis
Lifelong abnormal neck posture due to fibrotic sternocleidomastoid shortening.
Video 12.367 (C12c367): Congenital Torticollis Mimicking Dystonia
Persistent head tilt caused by structural neck abnormality rather than dystonia.
Video 12.368 (C12c368): Dropped Head Syndrome Misdiagnosed as Dystonia
Severe neck extensor weakness producing anterocollis-like posture.
Video 12.369 (C12c369): Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation in a Child
Acute "cock-robin" posture resulting from C1-C2 subluxation.
Video 12.370 (C12c370): Chronic Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation
Persistent torticollis caused by structural cervical instability.
Video 12.371 (C12c371): Fixed Head Tilt Pseudodystonia
Mechanical cervical deformity without evidence of dystonic muscle activation.
Video 12.372 (C12c372): Head Drop Due to Neck Extensor Myopathy
Marked neck extensor weakness producing severe dropped-head posture.
Video 12.373 (C12c373): Neck Extensor Myopathy
Progressive head drop resulting from isolated extensor muscle weakness.