Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 4): Acquired Cerebellar Syndromes and Nystagmus Disorders

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 4): Acquired Cerebellar Syndromes and Nystagmus Disorders

Acquired Cerebellar and Brainstem Disorders

Video 13.60 (C13c60): Multiple Sclerosis with Cerebellar Tremor

Bilateral wing-beating tremor, dysmetria, and titubation.

Video 13.61 (C13c61): Midbrain Hemorrhage with Oculopalatal/Cerebellar Tremor Syndrome

Continuous head tremor, oscillopsia, adduction deficits, and limb cerebellar tremor.

Video 13.62 (C13c62): Lateral Medullary (Wallenberg) Syndrome

Ipsilateral Horner syndrome, limb ataxia, body lateropulsion, and palatal weakness.

Video 13.63 (C13c63): Periodic Alternating Nystagmus from Chiari I Malformation

Alternating direction-changing nystagmus with mild cerebellar syndrome.

Video 13.64 (C13c64): Superficial Siderosis

Severe sensory-vestibular ataxia with marked dependence on visual input.

Video 13.65 (C13c65): Post-Chemotherapy Cerebellar Toxicity

Mild pediatric cerebellar syndrome with subtle gait ataxia.

Video 13.66 (C13c66): Carbamazepine Toxicity

Multidirectional gaze-evoked nystagmus with mild cerebellar limb ataxia.

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 3): Immune-Mediated, Paraneoplastic and Inflammatory Ataxias

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 3): Immune-Mediated, Paraneoplastic and Inflammatory Ataxias

Alexander Disease

Video 13.46 (C13c46): Adult-Onset Alexander Disease

Palatal myoclonus, mild cerebellar ataxia, and the characteristic MRI “tadpole sign.”

CANVAS

Video 13.47 (C13c47): CANVAS (Cerebellar Ataxia, Neuropathy, Vestibular Areflexia Syndrome)

Chronic cough, vestibular areflexia, sensory ataxia, and visual compensation during gait.

Post-Infectious and Autoimmune Ataxias

Video 13.49 (C13c49): Post-Infectious Cerebellitis with Myoclonus

Positive and negative myoclonus superimposed on mild cerebellar ataxia.

Video 13.50 (C13c50): Post-Infectious Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome (OMAS)

Opsoclonus, action myoclonus, and ataxia resolving with immunotherapy.

Video 13.51 (C13c51): Anti-GAD Cerebellar Ataxia

Progressive scanning dysarthria and severe gait instability.

Video 13.52 (C13c52): Advanced Anti-GAD Cerebellar Ataxia

Severe appendicular and gait ataxia with inability to stand independently.

Video 13.53 (C13c53): Para-Infectious OMAS

Florid opsoclonus, myoclonus, and ataxia with complete treatment response.

Video 13.54 (C13c54): Post-COVID OMAS

Ocular flutter, mild myoclonus, and cerebellar gait ataxia.

Video 13.55 (C13c55): Para-Infectious OMAS (Recovery Phase)

Resolving ocular flutter, action myoclonus, and gait instability.

Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Syndromes

Video 13.56 (C13c56): Anti-Yo Cerebellar Degeneration

Scanning dysarthria, tremor, dysmetria, and severe gait ataxia.

Video 13.57 (C13c57): Advanced Anti-Yo Cerebellar Degeneration

Head tremor, severe cerebellar dysarthria, and appendicular ataxia.

Video 13.58 (C13c58): Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration

Severe titubation, cerebellar tremor, and inability to ambulate independently.

Video 13.59 (C13c59): Cerebellar (Holmes-Type) Tremor in Paraneoplastic Disease

Severe unilateral proximal tremor with marked target impairment.

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 2): Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA1-SCA17)

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 2): Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA1-SCA17)

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 (SCA1)

Video 13.25 (C13c25): SCA1

Titubation, staring appearance, dysmetria, hypertonia, and pontocerebellar atrophy.

Video 13.26 (C13c26): SCA1 with Slow Saccades

Scanning speech, slowed saccades, hyperreflexia, and severe gait ataxia.

Video 13.27 (C13c27): Advanced SCA1

Severe dysarthria, muscle wasting, saccadic initiation failure, and inability to bear weight.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2)

Video 13.28 (C13c28): SCA2

Selective slowing of horizontal saccades with mild cerebellar ataxia.

-pending

Video 13.29 (C13c29): SCA2 with Round-the-House Saccades

Horizontal saccade slowing, spooning, and limb dysmetria.

Video 13.30 (C13c30): SCA2 with Jaw-Opening Dystonia

Cerebellar ataxia complicated by speech-induced cranial dystonia responsive to sensory trick.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3 / Machado-Joseph Disease)

Video 13.31 (C13c31): Mild SCA3

Minimal ocular motor abnormalities with moderate gait ataxia.

Video 13.32 (C13c32): SCA3

Mild cerebellar syndrome with severe gait impairment.

Video 13.33 (C13c33): Progressive SCA3

Progressive ataxia with worsening dysarthria, gait dysfunction, and MRI atrophy.

-Pending

Video 13.34 (C13c34): SCA3 with Parkinsonian Features

End-gaze nystagmus, ocular overshoot, and levodopa-responsive gait slowing.

Video 13.35 (C13c35): Advanced SCA3

Severe dysarthria and profound appendicular ataxia.

-Pending

Video 13.36 (C13c36): SCA3 with Spasticity

Round-the-house saccades, bradykinesia, ankle clonus, and spastic ataxic gait.

-Pending

Video 13.37 (C13c37): SCA3 with Pyramidal Features

Ocular dysmetria, hyperreflexia, and spastic wide-based gait.

-Pending

Video 13.38 (C13c38): Advanced SCA3

Profound gait ataxia requiring two-person assistance.

-Pending

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6 (SCA6)

Video 13.39 (C13c39): SCA6

Predominantly pure cerebellar ataxia with cerebellar atrophy.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7 (SCA7)

Video 13.40 (C13c40): Advanced SCA7

Scanning dysarthria, horizontal saccade slowing, dysmetria, and severe gait ataxia.

Video 13.41 (C13c41): SCA7

Moderate gait ataxia with crutch dependence.

Video 13.42 (C13c42): SCA7 with Nystagmus

Upbeat and gaze-evoked nystagmus with cerebellar gait disorder.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 8 (SCA8)

Video 13.43 (C13c43): SCA8

Slow repetitive movements and moderate gait ataxia despite relatively preserved targeting.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 17 (SCA17)

Video 13.44 (C13c44): SCA17

Mild cerebellar ataxia with preserved eye movements.

Video 13.45 (C13c45): SCA17 with Myoclonus

Risor sardonicus, cerebellar ataxia, mini-myoclonus, and marked cerebellar atrophy.

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 1): Friedreich Ataxia and Recessive Hereditary Ataxias

Ataxia Phenomenology Atlas (Part 1): Friedreich Ataxia and Recessive Hereditary Ataxias

Friedreich Ataxia (FA) and Related Disorders

Video 13.1 (C13c1): Friedreich Ataxia

Myoclonus, square-wave jerks, mild athetosis, sensory ataxia, pes cavus, scoliosis, and progressive loss of ambulation.

Video 13.2 (C13c2): Classic Friedreich Ataxia

Macrosaccadic oscillations, sensory ataxia, dysmetria, Babinski signs, pes cavus, and severe scoliosis.

Video 13.3 (C13c3): Friedreich Ataxia with Macrosaccadic Oscillations

Square-wave jerks, macrosaccadic oscillations, mild limb ataxia, and wheelchair dependence.

Video 13.4 (C13c4): Mild Friedreich Ataxia

Square-wave jerks, mild dysmetria, sensory ataxia, and impaired stance.

Video 13.5 (C13c5): Advanced Friedreich Ataxia

Moderate limb ataxia, severe pes cavus, and inability to walk despite preserved upper-limb function.

Video 13.6 (C13c6): Friedreich Ataxia with Symptomatic Macrosaccadic Oscillations

Oscillopsia, scanning dysarthria, dysmetria, and wheelchair dependence.

Video 13.7 (C13c7): Advanced Friedreich Ataxia

Scanning dysarthria, severe sensory ataxia, dysmetria, and marked pes cavus.

Video 13.8 (C13c8): Late-Onset Friedreich Ataxia (LOFA)

Scanning dysarthria, titubation, appendicular ataxia, areflexia, and Babinski signs.

Video 13.9 (C13c9): Late-Onset Friedreich Ataxia

Prominent macrosaccadic oscillations, severe dysmetria, pes cavus, and pyramidal signs.

Video 13.10 (C13c10): Very Late-Onset Friedreich Ataxia (VLOFA)

Spastic ataxic gait with Babinski signs and mild cerebellar dysfunction.

Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT)

Video 13.11 (C13c11): Mild Ataxia-Telangiectasia

Dysarthria with relatively preserved coordination and ambulation.

-Pending

Video 13.12 (C13c12): Ataxia-Telangiectasia with Oculomotor Apraxia

Conjunctival telangiectasias, oculomotor apraxia, dysmetria, and multifocal myoclonus.

Video 13.13 (C13c13): Ataxia-Telangiectasia with Action Myoclonus

Prominent oculomotor apraxia and levetiracetam-responsive myoclonus.

Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency (AVED)

Video 13.14 (C13c14): AVED

Head titubation, subtle ataxia, and task-specific dystonia while writing.

Video 13.15 (C13c15): AVED with Tremor

Scanning dysarthria, head tremor, dystonic posturing, and gait ataxia.

Video 13.16 (C13c16): AVED

Sensory loss, spooning, dysmetria, and sensory-cerebellar gait ataxia.

Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX)

Video 13.17 (C13c17): CTX

Mild cerebellar ataxia associated with Achilles tendon xanthomas.

Video 13.18 (C13c18): CTX with Jaw-Opening Dystonia

Progressive cerebellar syndrome with dystonia improved by sensory tricks and treatment.

Video 13.19 (C13c19): CTX with Cognitive Dysfunction

Ataxia and cognitive impairment improving substantially after treatment.

Video 13.20 (C13c20): CTX with Marked Tendon Xanthomas

Large hand and Achilles xanthomas without significant neurologic dysfunction.

Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia (AOA)

Video 13.21 (C13c21): Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia

Scanning dysarthria, vertical-predominant oculomotor apraxia, and cerebellar ataxia.

PNPLA6-Associated Ataxia

Video 13.22 (C13c22): PNPLA6 Ataxia (Severe Phenotype)

Scanning speech, hypermetric saccades, titubation, dysmetria, and wide-based gait.

Video 13.23 (C13c23): PNPLA6 Ataxia with Hypogonadism

Ataxia, absent OKNs, gynecomastia, and testicular atrophy.

Video 13.24 (C13c24): PNPLA6 Ataxia

Titubation, square-wave jerks, hypermetric saccades, osteoarthritis, and gait ataxia.

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 4): Autoimmune, Metabolic and Structural Chorea

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 4): Autoimmune, Metabolic and Structural Chorea

Autoimmune and Inflammatory Choreas

Video 11.37 (C11c54): Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody Hemichorea

Severe right hemichorea resolving completely after immunotherapy.

Video 11.38 (C11c55): Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody Chorea

Mild generalized chorea associated with autoimmune disease.

Video 11.39 (C11c56): Crohn Disease-Associated Chorea

Generalized chorea responsive to tetrabenazine.

Video 11.40 (C11c57): Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibody Chorea

Moderate generalized chorea with marked activation by concentration.

Sydenham Chorea

Video 11.41 (C11c58–59): Sydenham Chorea

Childhood generalized chorea with hypotonia, milkmaid grip, and gait impairment.

Video 11.42 (C11c60): Mild Sydenham Chorea

Generalized chorea, emotional lability, and impaired balance.

Autoimmune Encephalitis

Video 11.43 (C11c61): LGI1 Antibody-Associated Chorea

Asymmetric chorea resolving after corticosteroid treatment.

Video 11.44 (C11c62): NMDA Receptor Encephalitis with Orofacial Dyskinesias

Classic oral-facial stereotypies and encephalopathic state.

Video 11.45 (C11c63): NMDA Receptor Encephalitis

Repetitive hand stereotypies in a cognitively preserved child.

Structural Chorea and Hemichorea

Video 11.46 (C11c64): Structural Hemichorea-Hemidystonia

Left hemi-chorea with dystonia, hypotonia, and ataxia.

Video 11.48 (C11c66): Structural Chorea after Pontine Hemorrhage

Mixed tremor, dystonia, and choreiform finger movements with brainstem ocular findings.

Hemiballism

Video 11.47 (C11c65): Acute Vascular Hemiballism

Violent right-sided ballistic movements due to acute stroke.

Video 11.49 (C11c67): Severe Hemiballism

Extremely violent right-sided ballistic movements requiring padding and high-dose tetrabenazine.

Video 11.50 (C11c68): Left Hemiballism with Chorea

Proximal and distal ballistic movements with milkmaid grip.

Video 11.51 (C11c69): Subthalamic Nucleus Hemiballism

Classic hemiballism due to hemorrhagic STN lesion.

Hyperglycemic Chorea/Ballism

Video 11.52 (C11c70): Nonketotic Hyperglycemia Hemiballism

Severe unilateral ballistic movements improving after glucose control and haloperidol.

Video 11.53 (C11c71): Hyperglycemic Generalized Chorea

Diffuse chorea markedly improved after metabolic correction.

Other Acquired Choreas

Video 11.54 (C11c72): Post-Pump Chorea

Mild generalized chorea following cardiopulmonary bypass.

Video 11.55 (C11c73): Biballism from Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

Generalized ballistic movements evolving into persistent hemichorea after treatment.

Video 11.56 (C11c74): Choreoathetoid Cerebral Palsy

Severe hemichorea and ballistic limb movements causing major functional impairment.

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 3): HDL-2, Neuroacanthocytosis and Benign Hereditary Chorea

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 3): HDL-2, Neuroacanthocytosis and Benign Hereditary Chorea

Huntington Disease-Like 2 (HDL-2)

Video 11.28 (C11c45): Huntington Disease-Like 2

Moderate generalized chorea and motor impersistence with negative HTT testing and positive JPH3 expansion.

Neuroacanthocytosis

Video 11.29 (C11c46): Neuroacanthocytosis

Mild generalized chorea, severe tongue injury from self-biting, motor impersistence, and characteristic “rubber man” gait.

Video 11.30 (C11c47): Progressive Neuroacanthocytosis

Mild chorea progressing to severe feeding impairment, falls, and PEG tube dependence.

Video 11.31 (C11c48): Advanced Neuroacanthocytosis

Tongue protrusion dystonia, dysphagia, parkinsonism, areflexia, and acanthocytosis.

Benign Hereditary Chorea (BHC)

Video 11.32 (C11c49): Benign Hereditary Chorea (NKX2-1/TTF-1 Related)

Familial non-progressive chorea with parakinesia and absence of motor impersistence.

Video 11.33 (C11c50): Childhood Benign Hereditary Chorea

Generalized chorea and gait instability improving with levodopa.

Video 11.34 (C11c51): Benign Hereditary Chorea with Dystonia

Mild chorea, gait instability, and levodopa-responsive symptoms.

Video 11.35 (C11c52): Adult Benign Hereditary Chorea

Mild lifelong generalized chorea with preserved professional function.

Video 11.36 (C11c53): Mild Benign Hereditary Chorea

Distal chorea activated by concentration without motor impersistence.

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 2): Advanced Huntington Disease

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 2): Advanced Huntington Disease

Video 11.21 (C11c21): Juvenile/High-Repeat Huntington Disease Phenotype

Cognitive impairment, slowed vertical saccades, hyperreflexia, and 61 CAG repeats.

Video 11.22 (C11c24–25): Advanced Huntington Disease

Severe chorea, cognitive decline, ballistic movements, marked motor impersistence, and profound gait dysfunction.

Video 11.23 (C11c26): Late-Stage Huntington Disease with Spasticity

Minimal residual chorea replaced by rigidity, spasticity, and clenched-fist deformities.

Video 11.24 (C11c27): End-Stage Huntington Disease

Minimally conscious state with persistent facial chorea and profound global disability.

Video 11.25 (C11c28): Advanced Huntington Disease with Myoclonus

Rigidity, painful hand contractures, and severe generalized myoclonic jerks.

Video 11.26 (C11c29): Advanced Rigid-Dystonic Huntington Disease

Explosive dysarthria, severe spasticity, clenched fists, and markedly slowed saccades.

Video 11.27 (C11c30): End-Stage Akinetic-Rigid Huntington Disease

Loss of chorea with severe oculomotor impairment, contractures, and profound disability.

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 1): Early and Moderate Huntington Disease

Chorea Phenomenology Atlas (Part 1): Early and Moderate Huntington Disease

Video 11.1 (C11c1): Early Huntington Disease

Mild generalized chorea, motor impersistence, blink-assisted saccades, and genetically confirmed HD (42 CAG repeats).

Video 11.2 (C11c2): Very Early Huntington Disease

Subtle distal chorea activated by concentration with minimal neurological impairment.

Video 11.3 (C11c3): Huntington Disease Mimicking Cerebral Palsy

Dystonic choreoathetosis, pseudobulbar speech, and positive HD genetic testing (43 CAG repeats).

Video 11.4 (C11c4): Mild to Moderate Huntington Disease

Generalized chorea, head-thrust saccades, motor impersistence, and gait instability.

Video 11.5 (C11c5): Mild Huntington Disease

Subtle facial and distal limb chorea with otherwise preserved neurologic function.

Video 11.6 (C11c6): Early Huntington Disease with Retro-Arm Swing

Mild generalized chorea and characteristic posterior arm displacement during gait.

Video 11.7 (C11c7): Early Huntington Disease with Behavioral Features

Mild chorea and emerging irritability responsive to olanzapine.

Video 11.8 (C11c8): Mild Huntington Disease (39 CAG Repeats)

Generalized chorea with motor impersistence and preserved long-term function.

Video 11.9 (C11c9): Huntington Disease with Behavioral Disinhibition

Generalized chorea and later development of socially disruptive vocal behaviors.

Video 11.10 (C11c10): Huntington Disease with Emotional Lability

Generalized chorea, motor impersistence, and mild gait dysfunction.

Video 11.11 (C11c11): Moderate Huntington Disease

Prominent generalized chorea causing impaired balance and improved by olanzapine.

Video 11.12 (C11c12): Reduced-Penetrance Huntington Disease

Mild generalized chorea with 33 CAG repeats and response to valbenazine.

Video 11.13 (C11c13): Impulsive Huntington Disease

Moderate generalized chorea with behavioral impulsivity and activation by movement.

Video 11.14 (C11c14): Huntington Disease with Oculomotor Dysfunction

Generalized chorea, motor impersistence, impaired vertical saccadic initiation, and gait instability.

Video 11.15 (C11c15): Moderate Huntington Disease with Dysarthria

Continuous chorea, slowed saccades, dysarthria, and impaired coordination.

Video 11.16 (C11c16): Severe Choreic Huntington Disease

Profound generalized chorea causing major gait and balance disability.

Video 11.17 (C11c17): Huntington Disease with Falls and Subdural Hematomas

Mild chorea associated with recurrent falls and significant intracranial injury.

Video 11.18 (C11c18): Huntington Disease with Cognitive and Affective Changes

Prominent chorea, apathy, motor impersistence, and 51 CAG repeats.

Video 11.19 (C11c19): Mild Huntington Disease Responsive to Olanzapine

Generalized chorea and balance impairment improved with treatment.

Video 11.20 (C11c20): Huntington Disease Treated with Valbenazine

Moderate chorea causing gait instability with symptomatic improvement on VMAT2 inhibition.

Myoclonus Phenomenology Atlas (Part 4): Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies and Genetic Myoclonus Disorders

Myoclonus Phenomenology Atlas (Part 4): Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies and Genetic Myoclonus Disorders

Video 10.62 (C10c62): Reticular Reflex Myoclonus (Posthypoxic)

Proximal positive and negative myoclonus with severe action-induced disability.

Video 10.63 (C10c63): Chronic Lance-Adams Syndrome

Residual action myoclonus with cerebellar signs and touch-responsive gait instability.

Video 10.64 (C10c64): Severe Mixed Cortical and Subcortical Posthypoxic Myoclonus

Profound action myoclonus causing near-complete functional dependence.

Video 10.65 (C10c65): Alcohol-Responsive Posthypoxic Myoclonus

Severe action and negative myoclonus dramatically improving with alcohol and sodium oxybate.

Video 10.66 (C10c66): Severe Lance-Adams Syndrome Responsive to Sodium Oxybate

Extreme truncal and appendicular myoclonus improved by oxybate and GPi DBS.

Video 10.67 (C10c67): Posthypoxic Myoclonus Improved by Sodium Oxybate

Action and gait-limiting myoclonus with acute improvement after treatment.

Video 10.68 (C10c68): Severe Task-Induced Posthypoxic Myoclonus

Target-dependent action myoclonus preventing standing and purposeful hand use.

Video 10.69 (C10c70): Postanoxic Myoclonus with Dystonia

Action myoclonus and dystonia interfering with writing, pouring, and coordination.

Video 10.70 (C10c71): Severe Postanoxic Myoclonus

Action, dystonic, positive, and negative myoclonus causing assisted ambulation.

Video 10.71 (C10c72): EPM1 (Unverricht-Lundborg Disease)

Generalized action myoclonus with excellent response to levetiracetam.

Video 10.72 (C10c73): Advanced EPM1

Myoclonus, dysarthria, cerebellar signs, and treatment-resistant epilepsy.

Video 10.73 (C10c74): MERRF Syndrome

Positive and negative myoclonus worsened by action and standing.

Video 10.74 (C10c75): NUS1-Related Myoclonus Syndrome

Task-specific action myoclonus with preserved gait and cognition.

Video 10.75 (C10c76): Sialidosis Type I

Action myoclonus associated with cherry-red macular spots.

Video 10.76 (C10c77): Sialidosis Type I with Ocular Motor Abnormalities

Nystagmus, mild myoclonus, and wide-based gait.

Video 10.77 (C10c78): Severe Sialidosis Type I

Stimulus-sensitive intention myoclonus and asterixis severely affecting fine motor tasks.

Myoclonus Phenomenology Atlas (Part 3): Myoclonus-Dystonia and Secondary Myoclonus Syndromes

Myoclonus Phenomenology Atlas (Part 3): Myoclonus-Dystonia and Secondary Myoclonus Syndromes

Video 10.40 (C10c40): Myoclonus-Dystonia (SGCE Mutation)

Childhood action myoclonus with subtle foot dystonia and confirmed SGCE mutation.

Video 10.41 (C10c41): Severe Myoclonus-Dystonia

Disabling action myoclonus affecting arms, trunk, and gait.

Video 10.42 (C10c42): Treated Myoclonus-Dystonia

Mild residual myoclonus and writer's dystonia improved by trihexyphenidyl.

Video 10.43 (C10c43): Oscillatory Myoclonus in Myoclonus-Dystonia

Violent task-induced proximal myoclonus affecting the neck, shoulders, and trunk.

Video 10.44 (C10c44): Axial Myoclonus-Dystonia

Position-triggered truncal myoclonus without obvious resting dystonia.

Video 10.45 (C10c45): GPi DBS for Myoclonus-Dystonia

Standing-induced truncal myoclonus abolished by pallidal stimulation.

Video 10.46 (C10c46): Asymmetric Myoclonus-Dystonia

Right-sided limb, neck, and gait-limiting myoclonus dramatically improved by DBS.

- Pending

Video 10.47 (C10c47): Mild Myoclonus-Dystonia

Task-specific bilateral action myoclonus highlighted by writing and pouring.

Video 10.48 (C10c48): Myoclonus in Static Encephalopathy

Generalized movement-triggered myoclonus involving trunk and limbs.

Video 10.49 (C10c49): Alcohol Withdrawal Myoclonus

Generalized positive and negative myoclonus resolving with benzodiazepine treatment.

Video 10.50 (C10c50): Amantadine-Induced Myoclonus

Facial, neck, and action myoclonus resolving after drug withdrawal.

Video 10.51 (C10c51): Rasmussen Encephalitis with EPC and Dystonia

Facial epilepsia partialis continua, limb dystonia, and transient IVIG responsiveness.

Video 10.52 (C10c52): Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome (OMAS)

Opsoclonus, myoclonus, and ataxia with complete recovery after immunotherapy.

Video 10.53 (C10c53): OMAS

Opsoclonus accompanied by limb myoclonus and gait ataxia responsive to IVIG and steroids.

Video 10.54 (C10c54): Mild OMAS

Pursuit-induced opsoclonus, intention myoclonus, and broad-based gait.

Video 10.55 (C10c55): Jerking Stiff-Person Syndrome

Anti-GAD-positive stiffness with reflex-induced truncal myoclonus and gait fearfulness.

Video 10.56 (C10c56): Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)

Regular myoclonic-opisthotonic jerks occurring every few seconds.

Video 10.57 (C10c57): Advanced SSPE

Sparse periodic myoclonic jerks in a minimally conscious patient.

Video 10.58 (C10c58): Whipple Disease with Oculomasticatory Myorhythmia

Pendular convergence nystagmus synchronized with masticatory movements.

Video 10.59 (C10c59): Whipple Disease with Limb Myorhythmia

Rhythmic upper-limb movements and supranuclear vertical gaze impairment.

Video 10.60 (C10c60): Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease with Cortical Myoclonus

Face and limb myoclonus, Babinski signs, and cortical ribboning on MRI.

Video 10.61 (C10c61): CJD with Alien Limb and Myoclonus

Myoclonus, negative myoclonus, cortical sensory dysfunction, and alien-limb phenomena.